Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR)

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    "Abortion? That's for women!" Narratives and experiences of commercial motorbike riders in South-Western Uganda.
    (Women's Health and Action Research Center, 2005) Nyanzi, Stella ; Nyanzi, Barbara ; Kalina, Bessie
    Although constitutionally illegal, induced abortion is a vital reproductive health option in Uganda. This paper analyses men's narratives about meanings of, and experiences with, abortion. Men play significant roles in abortion as instigators, facilitators, collaborators, transporters, advisors, informers, supporters or punishment givers. Many participants were knowledgeable about abortion. Attitudes were ambivalent, with initial reactions of denial and relegation of abortion to women's private domains. Further exploration, however, revealed active support and involvement of men. Interpretations of abortion ranged from 'dependable saviour' to 'deceptive sin'. Though a private action, abortion is socially scripted and often collectively determined by wider social networks of kinsmen, the community, peers, law and religion. A disjuncture exists between dominant public health discourse and the reality of local men who interact with women and girls as wives, lovers, sex sellers, mothers, daughters and sisters. Interventions targeting men about abortion should include safe sex education, provide safe abortion services and create stronger social support mechanisms. Policy and law should incorporate local knowledge and practice.
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    The administrator as a change agent: an overview
    ( 1983-03-18) Asiimwe, Delius
    It is agreed that administration has a major leadership role to fulfill in the work of the agency or organisation. The following are some of the major areas within which administration should take leadership.
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    Adolescent fertility and sexuality in Uganda: determinants, consequences and management
    (Makerere University, 1987-08-08) Rwabukwali, Charles B.
    In Uganda, adolescents constitute almost half of the total population and being of reproductive age, they contribute more to fertility than any other categories of persons. Moreover, adolescents have unique problems related to their fertility and sexuality and their position in society. These include increased health risks to the young mothers and their babies. Other consequences of adolescent fertility are examined in this paper and possible ways to manage this adolescent fertility discussed. Lastly, an attempt is made to locate adolescent fertility and sexuality in the socio-cultural context of the prevailing Uganda environment.
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    Adolescent fertility and sexuality in Uganda: determinants, consequences and management
    (Makerere University, 1987-08-08) Rwabukwali, Charles B.
    In Uganda, adolescents constitute almost half of the total population and being of reproductive age, they contribute more to fertility than any other categories of persons. Moreover, adolescents have unique problems related to their fertility and sexuality and their position in society. These include increased health risks to the young mothers and their babies. Other consequences of adolescent fertility are examined in this paper and possible ways to manage this adolescent fertility discussed. Lastly, an attempt is made to locate adolescent fertility and sexuality in the socio-cultural context of the prevailing Uganda environment.
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    Adolescent fertility and sexuality in Uganda: determinants, consequencies and management.
    ( 2014-11-05) Rwabukwali, Charles B.
    In Uganda, adolescents constitute almost half of the total population and being of reproductive age, they contribute more to fertility than any other categories of persons. Moreover, adolescents have unique problems related to their fertility and sexuality and their position in society. These include increased health risks to the young mothers and their babies. Other consequences of adolescent fertility are examined in this paper and possible ways to manage this adolescent fertility discussed. Lastly, an attempt is made to locate adolescent fertility and sexuality in the socio-cultural context of the prevailing Uganda environment.
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    The adventures of the Randy Professor and Angela the sugar mummy: Sex in fictional serials in Ugandan popular magazines.
    (Taylor and Francis, 2005) Gysels, Marjolein ; Pool, Robert ; Nyanzi, Stella
    In 1996 newspaper vendors in Ugandan towns started selling a new kind of locally produced ‘lifestyle’ magazine. On the covers there were young, scantily dressed girls and inside news articles, fictional serials, lifestyle articles, agony aunt columns, etc. The new magazines gained an enormous popularity in a short space of time. Everywhere people were seen reading them and copies became brown and tattered from use. Using content analysis, we analyse the fictional serials which appeared in three of these magazines. We focus on these because they were the most sexually explicit type of content and, from a public health perspective, the most relevant with regard to HIV prevention. The stories were presented as simple entertainment, depicting the adventures of stereotypical characters. They provided people with explicit and unrestricted sexual fantasy which was, at the same time, devoid of any real risk. Although they could be interpreted as providing a discourse which challenged the main messages of HIV-prevention campaigns (sex is good for you, have as much of it as possible, and don't let condoms spoil the enjoyment), they also suggest that behaviour change may be more popular if sex and sexual health are not separated from sexual pleasure, and safe sex is promoted from a positive perspective (emphasis on sexual enjoyment) rather than a negative one (prevention of disease). The popularity of the magazines underscores the importance of entertainment value when discussing sex, and suggests alternative possibilities for disseminating health messages. Illustrated popular magazines such as those discussed here could be suitable as intervention, though they would need some adaptation to counter gender stereotypes and sexual violence.
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    'African sex is dangerous!' Renegotiating 'ritual sex' in contemporary Masaka district.
    (Cambridge University Press, 2008) Nyanzi, Stella ; Nassimbwa, Justine ; Kayizzi, Vincent ; Kabanda, Strivan
    The sexual culture of sub-Saharan African peoples is variously utilized as an explanation for the high incidence of HIV in Africa. Thus it has been the target of behaviour change campaigns championed by massive public health education. Based on ethnographic fieldwork (using participant observation, individual interviews, focus group discussions, and a survey) in Masaka District, this article contests a reified, homogeneous and ethnocentric sexualizing of Africans. It engages with how prescribed ritual sex practices are (re)negotiated, contested, affirmed, policed, revised and given meaning within the context of a society living with HIV/AIDS. Among Baganda, sex is customarily a vital component for ‘completing’ individual prosperity, kin-group equilibrium and social cohesion. Various forms of prescribed customary sexual activities range from penetrative sex interaction between penis and vagina, to symbolic performances such as (male) jumping over women's legs or (female) wearing of special belts. Unlike portrayals of customary sex activities in anti-HIV/AIDS discourse, the notion of ‘dangerous sex’ and the fear of contagion are not typical of all ritual sex practices in Masaka. Akin to Christianity, colonialism, colonial medicine and modernizing discourses, anti-HIV/AIDS campaigns are the contemporary social policemen for sex, sexuality and sexual behaviour. In this regard, public health discourse in Uganda is pathologizing the mundane aspects of customary practices. The HIV/AIDS metaphor is variously utilized by Baganda to negotiate whether or not to engage in specific ritual sex activities.
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    The agrarian question and the role of women as chief agricultural producers in Africa: the case of Uganda
    ( 1984-02-10) Ayuru, Rose N.
    Women's participation in agricultural production cannot be viewed outside the socio-economic, socio-cultural and political contexts of the societies in which they find themselves. Similarly, agricultural productivity must be analysed within the framework of the agrarian system in question, if a correct analysis is to be made. Furthermore, women's participation in agriculture, in particular, and in economic activities, in general, should be looked at through their role within the division of labor in a given society.
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    The agrarian sector and economic development in Tanzania.
    ( 1984-02) Mporogomyi, M. Kilonsi M.
    Part 1of this paper summarises land tenure systems which emerged after independence. Part II examines the objectives and constraints facing rural development in Tanzania. Part III reviews the agrarian structure in Tanzania and its influence on the economic development i.e. the 'performance of the agricultural sector.
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    The agrarian sector and economic development in Tanzania.
    ( 1984-02) Mporogomyi, M. Kilonsi M.
    Part 1of this paper summarises land tenure systems which emerged after independence. Part II examines the objectives and constraints facing rural development in Tanzania. Part III reviews the agrarian structure in Tanzania and its influence on the economic development i.e. the 'performance of the agricultural sector.
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    Agricultural change: compulsion in the implementation agricultural policies: a case study from Iringa
    ( 1985) Nindi, B. C.
    In order to clarify the content of the tragic case discussed in this paper, background Sections on selected characteristics of the district are given. The paper discusses the evolution of farming systems in Ismani Division- Iringa District, and the considerable development of social stratification. There were progressive innovators – including those who owned lorries, individual farmers using mechanized equipment, farmers employing labour etc on one side and traditional peasants and traditional peasants and herders on the other side.
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    Agricultural change: compulsion in the implementation agricultural policies: a case study from Iringa
    ( 1985) Nindi, B. C.
    In order to clarify the content of the tragic case discussed in this paper, background Sections on selected characteristics of the district are given. The paper discusses the evolution of farming systems in Ismani Division- Iringa District, and the considerable development of social stratification. There were progressive innovators – including those who owned lorries, individual farmers using mechanized equipment, farmers employing labour etc on one side and traditional peasants and traditional peasants and herders on the other side.
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    Ambivalence surrounding elderly widows’ sexuality in urban Uganda.
    (Springer, 2011) Nyanzi, Stella
    The elderly are commonly stereotyped as asexual beings. Alternatively mainly negative images abound about the sexual activities of elderly people. Based on ethnographic data this article explores diverse sexualities of elderly widows and widowers in an urban periphery of Kampala city. Widowhood is socially constructed as an asexual period in this patriarchal society where heteronormativity and marriage prevail as the accepted norms. While widowers are generally encouraged to remarry after observing proprieties of mourning, sexual activity among elderly widows is heavily proscribed against particularly because it is not procreative. Adult children control the sexuality of their elderly parents, often by discouraging sexual liaisons. Adult children may also arrange for new spouses with utilitarian value such as providing healthcare for ill elders. Post-menopausal widows have less sexual appeal than younger widows for whom reproduction is a viable outcome of sexuality. Widowers and younger widows are more likely to remarry than elderly widows. Consequently for some older widows, the cultural institution of widow inheritance provides an opportunity to resume sexual activity, and benefit from the levirate guardian’s support. However other older widows rejected inheritance by levirate guardians because of fears of catching HIV/AIDS. HIV does infect elderly Ugandans, although prevention and care interventions generally exclude targeting the elderly. Loneliness was widespread among elderly widows. Many felt isolated, dislocated from former social circulation and missed being relevant. However there were a few elderly individuals who were actively engaged in providing sexual education, advocating for sexual health promotion, and defending the sexual rights of the younger generations in their immediate environs. There is an urgent need for more research about the realities of elderly people’s sexualities, sexual health and sexual rights particularly in resource-poor contexts.
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    An analysis of the Agro-industry in Uganda and its role in economic development
    ( 1965) Makerere Institute of Social Research
    Uganda's major industry is agriculture and most non-farm production and service is related to agriculture. Nearly ninety per--cent of the population lives in rural areas. A large share of the industrial employment in centres like Jinja and Kampala is in agricultural processing and service industry. The development of agro-industrial setup certainly facilitates the training of workers. Such training in effect enhances economic mobility in the direction of urbanization. This in turn will fundamentally affect both the family organization and industrial relations in the society. The importance of understanding the moving forces of such structural changes in the process of change and development cannot be over-emphasized. Within the nexus' of the agro-industrial development areas' the special problem connected with the so called 'target workers and their relations with the 'host' group. Connected with this relationship- is the issue; of the land tenure system which all affect the productivity of agriculture.
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    An analysis of the Agro-industry in Uganda and its role in economic development
    ( 1965) Makerere Institute of Social Research
    Uganda's major industry is agriculture and most non-farm production and service is related to agriculture. Nearly ninety per--cent of the population lives in rural areas. A large share of the industrial employment in centres like Jinja and Kampala is in agricultural processing and service industry. The development of agro-industrial setup certainly facilitates the training of workers. Such training in effect enhances economic mobility in the direction of urbanization. This in turn will fundamentally affect both the family organization and industrial relations in the society. The importance of understanding the moving forces of such structural changes in the process of change and development cannot be over-emphasized. Within the nexus' of the agro-industrial development areas' the special problem connected with the so called 'target workers and their relations with the 'host' group. Connected with this relationship- is the issue; of the land tenure system which all affect the productivity of agriculture.
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    An analysis of the demand for sugar in East Africa
    ( 1964-11-05) Frank, C. R.
    This EDRP paper is the basis for one of the chapters in a monograph dealing with some problems in the development of the sugar industry in East Africa. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to measure the effects of various variables on sugar consumption in East Africa and to project consumption to 1970 by an analysis of time series data.
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    Are HIV unaware persons the hidden population at high risk of HIV infection or re-infection in Uganda
    ( 1999-12-06) Kiirya, Stephen K.
    Introduction: There has been a prejudiced view that HIV infection creates a state of desperation and a feeling of revenge that latently drives persons with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) into risky sexual and reproductive behaviors. This study examined child bearing, new sexual partnerships, disclosure of HIV status prior to coitus, and negotiations on condom use among HIV infected, uninfected and unaware persons as the basis for ascertaining the group at high risk of HIV infection/re-infection. Methods: HIV infected (86 females and 58 males), HIV uninfected (25 females and 21 males) and HIV unaware (59 males and 40 females) persons were drawn from one parish of Kampala, Iganga, Soroti,Lira, Masaka, Mbarara and Kabale districts. A pre-tested questionnaire which yielded a content validity index (CVI) of .79 was used to measure child bearing, new sexual partnerships, disclosure of HIV status prior to coitus, negotiations on condom use for the three groups. Focus group discussions were also carried out with each group to establish the etiological basis of these behaviors. Results: HIV infected persons (86%) reported higher levels of child bearing compared to the uninfected (66%) and unaware (57%) persons. Of the HIV infected persons who learned of their HIV status through a test, about 61% went a head to bear children. Also, more HIV infected (44%) and uninfected persons (44%) tend to disclose to partners their HIV status prior to coitus than the HIV unaware persons (35%). However, HIV unaware and uninfected persons reported higher levels of initiation and coitus with new partners during the past year from the time this study was undertaken than the HIV infected persons. Also, HIV unaware (77%) and uninfected persons (77%) reported higher levels of negotiations on the form of coitus (condom use) than the HIV infected (69%). This is especially so because it is easier to declare the HIV status if the test results are negative than positive., Males specifically surfaced as the group more complacent to risky sexual and reproductive behaviors, implying that they are more likely to spread HIV than females. Conclusion: Childbearing and non-negotiation with partners on condom use turned out as the factors that increase HIV re-infection among PHAs. However, initiation of new sexual relationships and despondency about disclosing their HIV status to partners prior to coitus seem to be the critical risk factors for HIV transmission among the HIV unaware persons. HIV unaware persons feel that if they disclosed their sero-status their partners would be scared and possibly stop the relationship on the suspicion that they have HIV/AIDS. False confidence arising out of the cognition and imagination that the problem of HIV/AIDS is not in vicinity motivates HIV unaware persons to think positively about sexual situations that, in effect, increase the risk of HIV infection. While more research merits in this area, broaden advocacy for and the coverage of all HIV/AIDS preventive campaigns to not only target the HIV infected, but also uninfected and unaware persons.
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    Aspects of food shortages in Tanganyika (1925-45)
    ( 1966-12) Mascarenhas, A.
    The problem of food hunger and shortage has attracted the attention of scholars from a number of different disciplines. Members of the medical profession are interested in the problem largely because of its direct physiological manifestation. A school in anthropology considers food production as a vital determinant of human behaviour.
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    Aspects of food shortages in Tanganyika (1925-45)
    ( 2014-11-07) Mascarenhas, A.
    The problem of food hunger and shortage has attracted the attention of scholars from a number of different disciplines. Members of the medical profession are interested in the problem largely because of its direct physiological manifestation. A school in anthropology considers food production as a vital determinant of human behaviour.
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    Aspects of urban unemployment in Uganda.
    ( 1966) Hutton, C. R.
    From the early years of this century, a periodic problem besetting development in Uganda has been shortage of labour, a shortage which was shared by the Baganda farmers who came to depend on hired labour. From the 1920s this shortage was met by increasing immigration of labour from countries bordering on Uganda, notably Ruanda-Urundi, by revruiting agencies and by a growing flow of' immigrants from West Nile, Kigezi and Ankole and later from other areas of Uganda (Powesland 1954). From the middle 1950s the annual reports of the Labour Department begin to mention periodic surpluses of the unskilled labour in towns, co-existing with shortages of labour elsewhere. The last reports of 1959 and 1960 speak of general surplus of all labour in towns, except the most highly skilled, and or growing numbers of school leavers coming onto the labour market with inadequate qualifications for the rising standards expected by employers. The reports qualify this by adding the unemployment was not a serious urban problem because the unemployed were able to return to their homes when they failed to find work.