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ItemArchival evidence of language change : morphological adaptation of English words in Runyankore-Rukiga(Makerere University, 2024)This study investigated how English words adapt to the morphological structure of Runyankore-Rukiga, and whether the adaptation mechanisms change over time. Through language contact, Runyankore-Rukiga has borrowed words from English among other languages, adapting them to its morphological system. This study argues that there are different adaptation mechanisms of English words in Runyankore-Rukiga which were not yet exposed. This study specifically explores English words in Runyankore-Rukiga by word class, domain, and period of occurrence in the language; and analyzes the morphological adaptation mechanisms of English words in Runyankore-Rukiga. A selected sample of Runyankore-Rukiga newspapers: Buseesire, Ageeteeraine, Orumuri and Entatsi as well as spoken utterances on selected radio talk shows broadcast on Radio West were collected. Using the classification theory of loan words by Winford (2003) as a theoretical framework, Runyankore-Rukiga loan words were studied to unravel the morphological adaptations and how they fit into Runyankore-Rukiga’s morphological structures. The results of the study indicate that English nouns typically adapt through affixation to align with the language’s noun class system, while verbs undergo significant morphological changes to express tense, aspect, and negation, among other structures. Additionally, morpho-phonological adjustments are made to adhere to Runyankore-Rukiga’s phonotactic rules, with a notable increase in phonological nativization for technological terms since the early 2000s, reflecting technological advancements and shifting adaptation strategies. Historically, the study shows a shift from extensive morphological adaptation through affixation in the mid-20th century to more phonological nativization in recent decades, highlighting the language’s adaptive flexibility. By documenting historical trends and current adaptation strategies, the study offers valuable insights for linguists and contributes to the broader field of linguistic adaptation of loanwords.
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ItemAn analysis of revenue sustainability models for online publications in Uganda : a case study of ChimpReports(Makerere University, 2025)This study analyses the revenue sustainability models utilized by online publications in Uganda, using ChimpReports as a case study. It explores the existing revenue models, the influence of technological advancement on revenue models adopted by ChimpReports, as well as investigating challenges faced by ChimpReports as online publication as it struggles to stay in the market. Study findings are grounded on purposive in-depth interviews conducted on 10 personnel, who included the Director, 2 Online Editors, 2 Marketing officers, 2 finance officers, and 3 Reporters. Findings revealed that ChimpReports relies on diversified revenue streams, online presence, brand partnerships, cost efficiency, and high-quality content for financial stability and audience connection. The study also highlights Challenges faced by online media publications, which include managing diverse income streams, balancing free and premium content, optimizing online presence, creating sponsored content, financial management, and adapting to reader preferences. Anchored in the Political Economy theory of the media, this study also highlighted ChimpReports' financial model, thriving through diverse income streams, online presence, brand partnerships, cost efficiency, and quality content. It also found out that technological advancements play a pivotal role in online media operations, refining content, targeting audiences, and exploring non-traditional revenue sources. The study recommended ChimpReports’ adoption of a sustainable model, incorporating diverse revenue streams, strategic technology use, high-quality content, as well as continual exploration of new income streams, enhanced user engagement, strengthened brand partnerships, optimized financial management, and embracing emerging technologies for sustainability.
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ItemDiscourse, gender, and power : a critical discourse analysis of Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs among the Bakiga(Makerere University, 2025)This study examines how gender relations are represented in Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs. Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs contain messages that have inherent gender constructions in their lyrics, embedded in various linguistic devices. The study explores linguistic devices in Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs and how they influence gender power relations. In addition, the study examines the way specific linguistic devices construct gender identity. The study further explicates how Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs subvert gender power relations among the Bakiga. I applied Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as a theoretical framework and methodological approach to study the relationship between discourse, gender, and power as depicted in these marriage songs. The majority of the songs analysed in the study were recorded during give-away ceremonies, while some audio songs were obtained from music studios in Kabale Municipality. Recorded video songs were obtained from individuals, and additional songs were got from YouTube. I purposively selected 36 songs that contained gendered discourses for analysis out of 56 songs collected. The study findings show that through the application of different linguistic devices, Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs act as a tool which complicates gender power relations. On one hand, the study reveals that linguistic items and choices used in Runyankore-Rukiga marriage songs largely depict or represent the feminine gender as having less power, which is mostly attributed to a woman‟s beauty and character. The findings further show that marriage songs construct women and men differently along the binary division of positive and negative, and superior and inferior, focusing on corporeal styles. On the other hand, the study shows that marriage songs possess subversive power to overturn the assumed and dominant way they construct gender, and if ingeniously used, they can go a long way in changing patriarchal discourses and power. The study points to the need for Runyankore-Rukiga marriage song composers and singers, both male and female, to work together in composing and promoting counter-power and counter-ideology songs that are intended to subvert patriarchal discourses and advocate gender equality among the Bakiga.
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ItemRepresentation of masculinity in Goretti Kyomuhendo’s fiction(Makerere University, 2023)The dissertation presents a study on the representation of masculinity in Goretti Kyomuhendo’s fiction. The study pays attention to the representation of the male characters, while examining the injustice, dominance, and the discrimination against women by men. Although past scholars like Peter Nazareth, Abasi Kiyimba, Florence Stratton, Ogundipe Leslie and Mineke Schipper have studied masculinity, they have not consciously labeled it. This study gives masculinity its surname and explores performance of masculinity in writing by a Ugandan female writer. Kyomuhendo rewrites the experiences of Ugandan women which had been omitted or misrepresented due to the absence of women voices in the Ugandan literary scene in a highly patriarchal society. By deliberately creating female protagonists, Kyomuhendo gives them agency; despite this however, they are at the mercy of the decisions made by the male antagonists. This study is qualitative in nature and the novels studied for this research are: The First Daughter (1996), a story about Kasemiire, a young woman of fifteen who conceives a child while still in school. The child's father does not support her, and she is disowned by her own father. In Secrets No More (1999), Kyomuhendo details the sexual violence experienced by the women during the Tutsi genocide in Rwanda in the 1990s. Waiting (2007) is a story that explores the evils experienced by common people during war time at the hands of patriarchal authority and state power. The study is guided by two objectives: To examine the representation of the different forms of masculinity and to highlight masculinity as a performance in three selected novels by Goretti Kyomuhendo, and to investigate how through characterisation, story arrangement, plotting and narrative focalisations, the concept of maleness as indication of strength and power is represented in Kyomuhendo’s fiction. This study has employed R.W Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity. The findings of the study highlight the different forms of masculinity; hegemonic and non-hegemonic. The study establishes that the author endeavors to center men as powerful while also exposing the ugly picture of violence they perform on women. The study recommends a closer look at men and the challenges they confront while displaying certain norms that are considered hegemonic. This study will encourage Ugandan female writers to create characters of men that are more convincing and inspirational for a better representation in their fiction.
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ItemExploring coping mechanisms to digital convergence in Uganda’s traditional newsrooms : a case of Vision Group(Makerere University, 2024)This study explored Coping Mechanisms to Digital Convergence in Uganda‘s Traditional Newsrooms: A Case Study of Vision Group. The study objectives were; to examine how Vision Group newsrooms positioned themselves to cope with the new digital landscape in their journalistic work; to find out how Vision Group journalists adopted new digital changes in their journalistic work, and to find out the challenges faced by Vision Group newsrooms and journalists in their digital adoption process. Media Convergence Theory and Adaptation Theory were the anchors of the study. The research approach was qualitative and the research design was a case study. The study employed a sample size of 12 respondents, including journalists, editors, and managers. The respondents were purposively sampled. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with the selected participants at Vision Group. The findings were presented through a narrative method. This study found that the newsrooms were employing strategies, such as training of newsroom staff, acquisition of mobile apps, adoption of social media platforms, such as Facebook, X and Instagram, restructuring and regrouping of staff, blurring newsroom physical walls and provision of equipment to journalists, to cope with the ever-changing digital landscape. The study further established that journalists adopted the new digital tools in their journalistic work through constant training [through workshops and/or self-teaching], acquisition of modern gadgets, such as smartphones, which they employed to gather news tips from social media platforms. Findings also revealed that journalists adapted to the new changes through training, overcoming resistance towards the new changes, experimenting with multimedia content production and leveraging technology for news gathering and production. Furthermore, this study revealed that in a bid to embrace digital convergence, newsrooms and journalists encountered challenges, including limited digital skills, negative attitude towards the new digital changes, lack of preparedness for the newsroom convergence, lack of the required equipment, high cost of acquisition of digital tools such as mobile apps, fragmentation of audiences across the various social media platforms, and expanded workload due to reduced newsroom staff. Despite these challenges, this study concluded that Vision Group has registered significant progress towards digital transformation. However, the study recommends that the media group devises robust mechanisms of motivating newsroom staff to adopt the new changes such as attendance allowances during training, as this study established that training alone had not done enough to encourage staff in the adoption and adaptation process.