Academic submissions (CHuSS)

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    Addressing corruption in the public service: A virtue ethical critique of Uganda's integrity system
    (Makerere University, 2018-12) Okok, Samuel
    In most of Uganda’s public service and the general society, corruption has remained a big challenge that particularly undermines the provision of the public good. The persistence of corruption in the public service has been followed by poor service delivery which frustrates the ethical ideals of realising the good life and the good society. Amidst such persistence, the government of Uganda has a set of institutions, laws, and policies which form an integrity system established to fight corruption. The elements of this system that are discussed in the study include anti-corruption institutions like the DEI and IG, and the legal framework with laws such as Anti-Corruption Act 2009, and its Amendment of 2015. But even with this integrity system in place which is ideally expected to fight and alleviate corruption, this problem has nonetheless persisted in Uganda’s public service. This study, therefore, attempted to address this problem by providing a long-term and lasting solution. Four specific objectives were addressed which included ascertaining the basic cause of corruption, describing the phenomenon of this vice, examining Uganda’s integrity system vis-à-vis the fight against corruption, and identifying the necessary interventions that can lead to an effective integrity system to ably fight the vice. The analysis and discussion was based on three theories which include virtue ethics which was used as the major theoretical framework for the study, Kwame Gyekye’s moral revolution theory that also inclines more towards virtue but from an African perspective and specifically targets corruption, and Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory that complement the virtue ethical theories especially in suggesting strategies of promoting an effective integrity system that can help contain the vice. As a step towards addressing this vice, an explanation of the genesis of the problem was done by pointing out that it all starts with the wrong theorisation of the basic cause of corruption. Consequently, efforts to ascertain the basic cause of corruption in Uganda were undertaken following virtue ethics parameters. The concept of corruption was clarified through scrutinising the commonly advanced definitions of corruption. And as a result, the study comes up with a definition of corruption as ‘a vicious act involving public officers who clandestinely use their official positions to unethically satisfy their private interests at the expense of the public interest.’ Further efforts were made to scrutinise the commonly advanced causes of corruption like the poor economic conditions, weak laws, and African traditional cultural values, among others. An observation was made that these factors mentioned are not basic but rather secondary causes. Therefore, the basic cause of corruption according to the study is the vicious character of many public officers and other members of the society. In light of the above, it was revealed that Uganda’s integrity system does not seek to address the basic cause of corruption, something which explains the persistence of corruption despite the various interventions in place. And if the problem is to be contained, then a strategy has to be developed to deal with this basic cause through the cultivation of a virtuous citizenry. Consequently, I suggested an integrational approach with three possible options of cultivation of virtuous citizens through virtue/character education, developing a mechanism of identifying virtuous role models, and strict enforcement of the laws on corruption as a realistic remedy to the problem.
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    Alcohol use and addiction: The moderating role of psychological stress
    (Makerere University, 2018-10) Nabwire, Martha
    Various literatures indicate that psychological stress can influence the amount of alcohol consumed and high alcohol consumption can later lead to addiction. The aim of the study was to examine the role of psychological stress as a predictor of alcohol use and addiction. One hundred and seventy-eight (178) adults of which 36 were females and 142 were males from Omoro district participated in the study. They were aged between 18 to 50 years. These participants were consuming alcohol at a minimum of three days in a week. These participants answered a self-scoring questionnaire which included the perceived stress scale and the AUDIT. The perceived stress scale was used to assess the stress score, AUDIT subscales were used to measure for alcohol use and addiction. The study was guided by four hypotheses. Linear regression was used to test the first three hypotheses and the fourth hypothesis was tested using the PROCESS macro for SPSS method. The results obtained from the study indicated that psychological stress was a significant predictor of alcohol use (t=3.631, F=13.185, R2=.070, p <.001), psychological stress was a significant predictor of addiction (t=5.607,F=31.433, R2=.152, p<.001), alcohol use was a significant predictor of addiction (t=13.722, F=188.304, R2= .517, p<.001) and the relationship between alcohol use and addiction was significantly dependent on the level of psychological stress (t=29.8014, p= .8088).
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    An analysis of credit line model of distributing essential medicines in Public Health Facilities in Nebbi district
    ( 2018-11-21) Olama, Nickson
    The Ugandan government has experimented with various supply chain models for distribution of essential drugs and supplies since 1985. In 2010, the credit-line model of distributing essential medicines in public health facilities was adopted. In this study, it was discovered that, the credit-line model operates a dual push-pull system of drug supply and distribution to government health facilities. Under the model, all the lower level health facilities (HC11s and HC111s) passively received essential medicines through a push system whereby NMS determined the types and quantities of medicines delivered to lower level facilities using a standardized supply kits distributed according to a delivery plan made at the beginning of each financial year. Meanwhile, the Hospital and Health Center Four (HCV) operated a pull system whereby, each facility determined the types and quantities of medicines needed and placed orders with the National Medical Stores although the list from which they made order was reported to be so rigid.Consequently,drug stock outs remains a common occurrence in most of the lower level health facilities in Nebbi district. This study therefore, analyzed how the credit-line model of drugs distribution works and how it has affected availability of essential medicines. The structural strengths and weaknesses of the model were also analyzed. A cross-sectional descriptive study design was used comprising of both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The qualitative data were collected by the use of semi-structured interviews, Focus Group Discussionheld with 6 Health Units Management Committees (HUMCs)totaling to 48 FGD members and In-depth interviews with Key Informants comprising of the administrators of the health services in the district namely;In-Charges of the public health facilities, Members of the District Health Team and top district leaders, District Medicine Store Keeper and private medicine transporters, while the quantitative data was collected through structured questionnaires administered to 165 primary respondents who were the users of health services in Nebbi District.The study discovered that, there were limited responsiveness of the current credit-line model to the local and context-specific facility needs of especially the lower level health facilities with exception of the hospitals and HC1Vs that had the leverage of requisitioning for medicines based on facility needs. Procurement and distribution of essential drugs were done without involvement of the frontline managers of HC11s and HC111s. All the HC11s and 111s were reportedly supplied with predetermined kit by the NMS and thereby leading to supply of wrong drugs, insufficient supply and drug stock-outs in most of the lower level health facilities in District.The study concluded that the push aspect (kit based method) of the credit-line model of distributing essential drugs to especially the lower level health facilities was in a top-down nature and has contradicted the aim of decentralization by limiting participation of the managers and local leadership of the lower level health facilities and has thereby, turned them into passive recipients of medicines from higher levels except the hospitals and HC1Vs that maketheir own orders.
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    An analysis of human rights violations arising from delays in disposing of criminal cases in the High Court of Uganda
    Nahabwe, Linnard Remax
    Delays in disposing of criminal cases are rampant in Uganda including at the High court, which handles capital offences and cases on appeal. These delays arise from both the provisions in the law and the practice of courts. The right to a fair trial, which is, recognised both under international law and Uganda’s Constitution requires that persons charged with criminal offence should have their cases handled expeditiously. Therefore a violation of this right is both a violation of international law and the Constitution of Uganda. Violation of the right to a speed trial is not just a violation of the fundamental rights to a fair hearing, but also a violation of other fundamental human rights. This study analyses how delays violate the right to fair trial and also how they also violate other fundamental rights of the person. It starts with a presentation of the current situation in Uganda as regards delays in disposing of cases and focusing on the High Court. It then discusses how delays violate the right to a speedy trial and the other components of the right to a fair trial. It also discusses a range of other human rights that are violated due to delays in disposing of criminal cases. Finally, it concludes that indeed delays lead not only to violation of the right to a fair trial but also other fundamental human rights. It concludes with recommendations to the different stakeholders on what they should do to avoid the violation of human rights that is occasioned by delays in disposing of criminal cases in the High Court.
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    Assessment of peace journalism practice in South Sudan : A case study of Radio Miraya Juba South Sudan
    ( 2018-09) Ochan, Anthony Materno
    This study assessed peace journalism practice in South Sudan, grounded on the Galtung peace/conflict reporting versus violence/war reporting model. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the practice of peace journalism in South Sudan with a case study of Radio Miraya, the United Nations radio station and the widest covering radio station in the country. The objectives that guided the study were to: assess the knowledge of working journalists about the concept of peace journalism, explore the factors influencing the implementation of peace journalism in South Sudan, examine the Peace Journalism practice of Radio Miraya in contributing to the UN’s peace building mission in the country and using Radio Miraya programing to evaluate the journalism norms within the Galtung model of peace/conflict reporting versus war/violence reporting. The mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) research approach was used for the study. The quantitative approach, using content analysis as a method aided in examining the content of Radio Miraya's five peace programs and the qualitative method, using key informant interviews and a survey aided in giving detailed explanation and meaning to the findings. The study established that Radio Miraya practices peace/conflict reporting in its peace programing, although aspects of violence/war reporting are still commonly used in the programing. The study further reveals that although journalists have positive attitudes towards peace journalism, their knowledge about the concept and its operationalization is very limited. And lastly, the study reveals that factors affecting implementation of peace journalism include knowledge of peace journalism, the media environment in South Sudan, ownership, attitudes of working journalists and journalism norms. The study concluded with the observation that peace journalism is not fully implemented due to the aforementioned factors. The researcher, therefore, made a number of recommendations including training for journalists to increase knowledge of the peace journalism concept, creation of a conducive journalism environment by adherence to the media laws, and repealing laws that impinge on media rights among others.
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    Assessment of the capacity of local governments to offer protection services to vulnerable children in Mpigi District
    (Makerere University, 2018-12-15) Nakasujja, Ruth
    This study aimed to analyze and assess the capacity of local governments to effectively and sustainably offer protection services to vulnerable children. It was, accordingly, premised on four (4) specific objectives, namely; to examine the financial and logistical support offered to local governments to carry out those functions specified in the Children Act; to assess the staffing levels in the various departments/entities concerned with promoting and protecting the rights of children; to assess the levels of knowledge and skills relating to children’s rights possessed by local governments and other concerned actors/stakeholders; and to examine the existing networking and referral systems for protection of vulnerable children. A descriptive research design was adopted for this study and results are presented and discussed largely within boundaries of qualitative methods of investigation, though also complimented, to a limited extent, by quantitative data from secondary sources, especially district records. The study was based on data analyzed for a period of three (3) years (2011 – 2014) in Mpigi district, in which specific study areas were purposively selected – and with a sample size of 88 respondents, who were also purposively selected – basing on the centrality of their roles in the community, as well as their relevance to meeting the research objectives. Qualitative data analysis involved collation and analysis based on the thematic areas generated from the field responses. The study established that the Department of Community Based Services, under which Probation and Social Welfare falls, was characterized by persistent critical funding and human resource gaps – which hindered efficient delivery of child care and protection services. The Department generally lacked funds, among others: recruiting, training and facilitating adequate personnel; for facilitating communication and transportation – especially for following up cases of abused children, as well as for capacity building among the various duty bearers. It also lacked enough hardware and software, or any other modern technology to aid in documentation of experiences and cases handled, especially cases of children with disability – as required by the Children Act. The study concluded that the overall capacity of Mpigi District Local Government (including the district and sub-county levels, as well as non-state actors) – in terms of financial, human resource, logistical/technological, as well as networking capability to effectively and sustainably provide child protection services – was still considerably low. The above-noted challenges and constraints have to be addressed in order to enable the local governments to fulfill their expected roles in the protection of children from abuse in the community. Accordingly, the study strongly recommends that the Probation and Social Welfare Sub-sector should be supported with more funding to facilitate: adequate staffing, staff facilitation and staff training; adequate technological and logistical support (especially record management and transport facilities); as well as capacity building (especially through training and sensitization) for local leaders and other relevant actors/stakeholders, including children – with regard to general knowledge and skills, the appropriate legal and policy framework, as well as available support structures for children in the community. The above-noted enhancement of funding support is recommended to be achieved through two (2) main broad strategies, namely; elevating the status of the Probation and Social Welfare Sub-sector – to “Priority” Status – to facilitate the allocation of more funds to it in the District Budget; and mobilizing additional financial support from relevant and interested Civil Society Organizations, corporate organizations, as well as other development partners. It is further recommended, inter alia, that Mpigi district Local Government should also systematically lobby and constructively engage the above-noted development partners: to provide the Probation and Social Welfare Sub-sector, as well as other relevant entities, with more logistical and technological support – in the form of the required hardware and software – in kind, where possible; to provide them with human resource support – in the form of seconding some of the required and possible personnel; to scale-up their child protection program activities in the district – under the coordination of the Probation and Social Welfare Section; as well as to carry out joint planning – to ensure efficient collaboration and coordination of all program activities.
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    Authoritarian parenting styles, substance abuse and externalized behaviour among secondary school students
    (Makerere University, 2018-10) Asiimwe, Confidence Nkurunungi
    This study investigated the relationship between authoritarian parenting style, substance abuse, and externalized problem behaviour among secondary school students in Kawempe division Kampala district. A correlation research design was used to conduct the study, it involved three schools in Kampala district participants were selected using stratified random sampling, in three schools. The total sample of this study consisted of 301 senior three students. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between the variables. Findings indicated that overall authoritarian parenting style was found to be negative and not significantly related to substance abuse(r = - 0.006, p>0.05), substance abuse was found to be positively and significantly related to externalized problem behaviour(r=0.489, p<0.01), overall authoritarian parenting style was found not to be significantly related to overall externalized problem behaviour (r=0.041, p>0.05). It was concluded that students who engage in substance abuse are most likely to participate in Externalized Problem Behaviour at school, home and their communities. It was recommended that students should be sensitized about the dangers of substance abuse to avoid increased involvement in externalized problem behaviour as these actions cause harm in their lives, future relationships and career.
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    Causes and effects of domestic violence. Case study of Kamwokya Slum area Kampala Central Division
    (Makerere University, 2018-11-27) Anguzu, Tom
    Domestic violence still continues to manifest in many homes in Kamwokya slum area. Women are battered, emotionally tortured, insulted and abused while some men also complain of similar maltreatment from their wives. It is against this background that Kamwokya slum area was purposively selected for this study. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative study design. Document review, survey questionnaire and key informants were used to collect data. Qualitative data was analyzed using content analysis while quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 14 by use of frequency tables. The reported causes of domestic violence in Kamwokya slum included lack of mutual trust, dispute over property, poor communication, lack of sexual satisfaction, alcohol or drugs abuse, food insecurity, cultural, norms and beliefs, character or personality, marital infidelity, relatives and friends among others. Through this study, the researcher identified body injury or harm, loss of family property, divorce or separation, adultery, loss of respect, psychosocial problems (emotional and mental destabilization), death, drunkenness, suicidal feelings and sexual starvation as the major effects of domestic violence. As a result, the study highlighted the need for couple sensitization, mediation with family members, strong penalties to offenders, strong religious indoctrination, support formal education, effective media campaign and frequent communication. Furthermore, policy measures such as need to recognize domestic violence against women as an important issue and enhancement of educational and health facilities for the prevention and control of violence with combined awareness programs including non-governmental organizations through stakeholders. In addition, comprehensive laws need to be developed and enforcement against alcohol abuse is required in Uganda. In conclusion, it was found out that the prevalence rate of domestic violence in Kamwokya is high. Women suffer and are subjected to physical, psychological and sexual abuse in their home by partners, in-laws and in some circumstances by their brothers and parents. The factors associated with domestic violence in Kamwokya are loweconomic status of women, lack of awareness about women rights, lack of education, imbalanced empowerment issues between males and females, male dominant social structure. Integrated supportive services, legal intervention and redress should be made available in situations of domestic violence. Support and help for victims to rebuild and recover their lives after violence should be part of the intervention strategy, including counseling, relocation, credit support and employment. In order to prevent women from domestic violence and provide them medical as well as judicial and legal support, new plans and interventional maps should be made in the societies in societal leaders, NGOs, police department and people from other similar groups.
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    Choice of contraceptives among female students in hostels around Makerere University.
    (Makerere University, 2018) Kigongo, Aisha
    Use of contraceptives among female university students has been widely studied in many countries but little on choice, pattern and constraints on use of contraceptives particularly among female students residing in hostels around Makerere University. This current study was conducted to assess how young female students chose the types of contraceptives they used. The study was conducted among female students who resided in hostels around Makerere University. Simple random sampling and systematic sampling were used to sample ten hostels and 236 female students respectively. Structured questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from female students and key informants respectively. Quantitative data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 17. Qualitative data was analysed by thematic content analysis. Findings revealed that 87% of the students were aged 20-24 years and only 4% were 25 years and above; 35% were Catholics, 27% were Protestants and muslims were 17%; 99% were on degree programmes. Over 63 % of the students were in relationships with 33.3% and 31.2% having been in these relationships for 13-24 months and 25 months or more respectively. Choice of contraceptives by female university students was mainly influenced by the ease to use (38%), side effects (27%), cost (25%), and availability (24%). Male condoms (89%), oral pills (77%), and injections (64%) were the most used contraceptives and contraceptive sponges were least used. The commonest challenges facing use of contraceptives among female students were side effects (87%), religious restraints (33%), unavailability of certain contraceptive methods, opposition of male partners (30%), forgetting to use contraceptives (27%) and lack of knowledge on use of contraceptives (23%). In conclusion, choice to use a particular contraceptive depended on ease to use, side effects, cost or its availability and based on these factors male condoms, pills and injection mostly used. This is line with rational choice theory. Challenges like side effects, religious restraints, unavailability of certain contraceptive methods, and opposition from male partners face use of contraceptives. Consequently, the following were recommended: intensifying campaigns on increasing knowledge on various contraceptives and their various sources; encouraging students to be liberal and pragmatic as regards contemplating issues on reproductive health and sexual rights and restraining from influence of religious dogmas; availing condoms in hostels and involving males in campaigns on contraceptive use.
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    Comparative analysis of farmer-to-farmer and participatory extension approaches in the promotion of maize postharvest handling technologies among smallholder farmers in Uganda
    (Makerere University, 2018-12-10) Apil, Jenifer
    Despite various interventions in postharvest handling value chain of grains, farmers in Uganda still experience postharvest losses estimated at 10-15%. These loses result from improper postharvest handling, variation between knowledge and practices and low adoption of postharvest handling technologies (Muyonga, et al., 2015).In this study, a comparative analysis was carried out to establish the level of adoption in Farmer to Farmer and participatory extension approaches in the districts of Apac, Kamuli and Nakasongola. A longitudinal research design characterized by three phases was adopted. These were; identification of postharvest handling constraints and possible solutions, training and dissemination of selected technologies and an evaluation on the level of uptake in both the extension approaches.21 gender sensitive farmer groups consisting of 20-34 members participated in focus group discussions that were carried out in phase one, two and three. Additionally, a household survey of 210 respondents randomly selected from the 21 farmer groups was carried out in third phase. The key findings revealed adoption of PHH technologies was more among farmers under the participatory approach compared to those under farmer-to-farmer approach. Further Kamuli district exhibited high levels of promotion of PHH technologies compared to Apac and Nakasongola. More still, the study established that factors that triggered adoption and utilization of the technologies related to nature of dissemination pathways, perceived benefits of the innovations,nature of the technologies and farmers social economic characteristics. The study also established that whereas the two extension approaches were helpful in the promotion of maize postharvest handling technologies, participatory extension approach was more effective sustainable utilization and diffusion of the innovations. Finally, the study researcher recommended that; government and other development agencies should adopt collective identification of challenges and appropriate solutions when implementing different programs.
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    Compiling a general-purpose monolingual Ateso dictionary
    (Makerere University, 2018) Aliato, Harriet Daphine
    The study titled, “Compiling a General-Purpose Monolingual Ateso Dictionary,” was conceptualized against the background that a comprehensive style manual for compiling an Ateso-Ateso dictionary was lacking. Thus, the study set out to investigate the content that a general-purpose monolingual Ateso dictionary would contain guided by five specific objectives:(1) to analyze the structure of Ateso in order to establish Ateso dictionary content, (2) develop a style manual, (3) compile specimen dictionary articles, (4) test them among educated Ateso speaking resource persons for approval and (5) write sample dictionary articles based on the assessment of the test results. To accomplish this task, the study was pegged on the hypothesis and test implication that:if the specimen dictionary articles were approved by educated Ateso native speakers, then the style manual would be adopted for use as a viable tool for compiling the dictionary in the target language. To achieve the stated objectives and guarantee the viability of the developed style manual as an educational and research tool, qualitative and quantitative approaches were combined. Data on approval of specimen dictionary articles was generated through survey using questionnaire and focus group discussions. With the exception of a few respondents opposing the use of English abbreviations and short forms, the majority approved the dictionary articles as a true reflection of the Ateso language, bearing out the hypothesis. The study concludes that the Ateso language structure formed the content of the Ateso dictionary style manual hence the style manual could be adopted for use as a viable tool for compiling a general-purpose monolingual Ateso dictionary. Further research on the morphology of Ateso verbs, functionality of gender affixes, coining of Ateso terminology for science and technology fields could be undertaken.
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    The contribution of human rights civil society actors to security sector reform: A case study of Bukavu from 2006-2016
    (Makerere University, 2018-12) Namegabe, Alinabo
    Civil Society Actors’ (CSAs) have faced many challenges in addressing Human Rights (HRTs) issues in Security Sector Reform. The legal, political and economic environment where they worked in from 2006 to 2016 has weakened their contribution toward the realization of HRTs. Ten years after being involved in Security Sector reform (SSR), this study sought not only to identify and describe CSAs character in SSR and to assess their performance in addressing HRTs issues but also to discuss strategies developed by its Actors to overcome challenges they face in the process. The research which is a case study used different mixed data collection methods namely the survey, the focus group and the key informant. Based on the United Nation Development Program Method of assessing Civil Society, the study uncovered the existence of two different categories of CSAs involved in SSR namely those who are informally involved and those who are formally involved. In addition, the study revealed that despite faced challenges, CSAs have performed well in their fight for HRTs protection in SSR. In the end the research concluded that strengthening the national legal framework for CSAs and reinforcing informal and formal CSAs partnership in SSR constitute away through to a satisfactory impact on HRTs situation in SSR. In order to expect more positive impacts toward the realization of HRTs, the involvement of different stakeholders namely, the State, donors, CSAs and citizens is needed.
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    The contribution of radio to promoting girl child education in Uganda: A case study of Voice of Muhabura, Kisoro District
    (Makerere University, 2019-10) Nyiramahoro, Aphia
    The study investigated the contribution of radio to the promotion of girl child education. Based on 88.9 Voice of Muhabura (VOM) FM in Kisoro District, the study investigated how radio sensitises its audience about the value of girl child education and how it contributes to eliminating hindrances to this education. It also identified the challenges that limit radio’s contribution to promoting girl child education. The study was guided by the combined rationale of the development media theory, direct effects media theory and agenda setting theory. It adopted a case study research design and collected both qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data was collected from VOM FM’s manager and employees using interviews and focus group discussions, respectively. Quantitative data was collected from the radio’s listeners using a survey questionnaire. Data was analysed using qualitative content and descriptive methods, with the descriptive method aided by the SPSS (Version 22) and Excel program. Results indicate that VOM FM contributed to sensitising listeners about the value of girl child education and to eliminating hindrances to girls’ access, retention in and transition through school education until they complete as desired. The programmes by which VOM made this contribution included Eseza Memorial, Amago Yacu, Kids Show, Ikimeza, Action for Women Rights, Action for Development and District Hour. However, only Amago Yacu and Ikimeza were popular among listeners. VOM FM used on-air educative talk shows between hosts and invited guests, and direct interactions between hosts and listeners to enlighten the target audience about the value of girl child education and ways of dealing with hindrances to this education. However, listeners assessed the radio’s contribution in this matter as moderate, which suggested that it needed to be improved. The contribution was moderate partly because of the financial, technical, programming and other internal challenges the radio faced plus the external challenges, including power outages, lack of electricity and extreme poverty within its audience. From these findings, the study recommended to the radio’s management to attract more advertisers and programme sponsors as a means of raising the resources required to deal with the financial and technical challenges. The radio’s management was also urged to design its programming to suit the promotion of girl child education to a level that satisfies its listeners. Further research was recommended into how radios can design competitive programming.
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    Cross-linguistic influence in third language production among Kiswahili learners
    ( 2018-11) Masengo, Innocent Jacodah
    This study focuses on generative third language, L3) production of thirty five Makerere University “Advanced” Kiswahili learners aged between 19 and 24 who previously acquired L1 Runyankore and L2 English and are currently acquiring L3 Kiswahili. The study specifically examines cross-linguistic influence from L1 Runyankore and L2 English on L3 Kiswahili production of nasal sounds. I test the role of proficiency, typology and the “alleged’ status of the second language, L2 (in this case English) in transfer to L3 speech. Data were collected using a biographical questionnaire, placement tests, and speech recordings. Data from the questionnaire led to the selection a homogenous group of participants from among 159 Kiswahili learners from 24 different ethnolinguistic backgrounds. Placement tests enabled us to determine the proficiency levels of learners and categorize them according to the set proficiency thresholds guided by the Linguistic Threshold Model in the sense of Lasagabaster (1998). The speech recordings were acoustically measured to determine nasals syllabicity or lack thereof, and such production phenomena were compared to the proficiency scores to determine the influence of proficiency in L1 Runyankore, L2 English and L3 Kiswahili on L3 Kiswahili speech. I interpreted our findings using the Ontogeny and Phylogeny Model (Major, 2001). Results indicate that the L1-Runyankore is the main source of transfer in L3 Kiswahili speech. L1 Runyankore influence of L3 Kiswahili is both negative and positive. Negative influence stemmed from low proficiency in the L1 and the L3 while positive influence is facilitated by intermediate to high proficiency in all the three languages, mediated by L1-L3 typology proximity. The most notable observation from this study is the negative effect of subtractive bilingualism on third language, L3 phonological production, which has both theoretical and didactic implications. Theoretically, although our findings partly support the L1 Status, L2 Status and typology proximity models, they depart in their realization in a subtractive bilingual context. Didactically, findings support the focus on multilingualism approach to L3 acquisition in the sense of Cenoz (2011). This suggests that the replacement of the L1 with the L2 (often the first foreign language) in the school system negatively affects the language acquisition process of additional languages as it denies learners the opportunity to benefit from the positive effects of additive bilingualism on cognition and learning.
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    Depression, pain catastrophizing and responsiveness to analgesics: A case study of chronic pain patients
    (Makerere University, 2018-11) Namanya, Wright
    The study was carried out to investigate whether depression and pain catastrophizing predict responsiveness to analgesics among chronic pain patients. The study was guided by four hypotheses: (i) Depression significantly predicts pain catastrophizing; (ii) Depression significantly predicts responsiveness to analgesics; (ii) Pain catastrophizing significantly predicts response to analgesics; and (iv) Depression and responsiveness to analgesics are moderated by pain catastrophizing. Linear regression was used to test the first three hypotheses; multiple linear regression was used to test hypothesis four. 119 respondents participated in this study and were each subjected to the pain catastrophizing scale: the geriatric depression scale and the numeric pain scale. The results showed that depression significantly predicted pain catastrophizing. Depression also significantly predicted responsiveness to analgesics. The results were, therefore, in agreement with the third hypothesis which state that pain catastrophizing significantly predicted responsiveness to analgesics. Pain catastrophizing was found to be an insignificant moderator between the relation of depression and responsiveness to analgesics.
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    Effective pastoral care for the sick and the dying; A strategy to enhance faith and hope among the Catholics of Kihani Parish Mbarara_Archdiocese
    (Makerere University, 2018-10-20) Agaba, Sansio
    The study examined effective pastoral care for the sick and the dying as a strategy of enhancing faith and hope among Catholics in Kihani Parish. Specifically, the situation pertaining to the sick and the dying; challenges faced during administration of pastoral care and anointing of the sick, role of pastoral care for the sick and the dying in enhancing faith and hope among the faithful in Kihani Parish were investigated. Qualitative and quantitative designs were used to collect and analyse data. A semi structured questionnaire was used for quantitative data collection while an interview guide was used to collect quantitative data. The study found out that pastoral care for the sick entails visiting the sick and dying and administration of sacraments among others. Agents of pastoral care found out from the study are mainly priests and also the entire Christian community. Lack of proper guiding systems, inadequate funding, lack of manpower, influence of mushrooming churches and traditional healers all jeopardize pastoral care for the sick and the dying ministry in Kihani Parish. To these challenges, the study reported that instituting a special collection to facilitate priests in pastoral care, reducing the prices of drugs in hospitals and clinics, continuous formation and training personnel in pastoral clinical education; organizing community insurance schemes and better diocesan pastoral care systems are the possible solutions. It was therefore recommended that there is need of a concrete and urgent attention to the existing pastoral challenges. This can be done through adequate catechesis, empowering of small Christian communities and above all formation of pastoral care groups extended at all levels in order to attain a holistic and effective pastoral care for the sick and the dying services.
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    Exploring Gender Responsiveness During The Teaching And Learning Process In National And International Pre-Primary Classrooms In Kampala District
    ( 2018-10-17) Apeta, Brenda
    This study was aimed at exploring gender responsiveness during the teaching and learning process in national and international pre-primary classrooms in Kampala District. The study was guided by Social Cognitive theory, which explains how children are socialized into accepting the standards and values of a specific society. Such standards are attained through observation, of the environment, retention, reproduction and motivation of different influential models. The study had three objectives: to examine the teachers’ awareness of the need for gender equality during the teaching and learning process in national and international pre-primary classrooms; to assess how gender influences the learning materials used in the national and international classrooms; and finally, to explore whether the teachers give boys and girls equal opportunity to participate in classroom activities. The study was qualitative. Nine respondents in total were observed and interviewed. Five of the nine respondents teach baby and top class from two schools using the national curriculum (learning framework) and the other four teaching Kindergarten one and Kindergarten three from two schools using the international curriculum. Data was collected using interview guides, observation protocols and the review of lesson plans, teaching materials, schemes of work and curriculum. The findings indicate that the majority of the pre-primary teachers were not gender responsive. The nursery school teachers using the national curriculum, in particular, gave girls less opportunity to participate during the lesson. In addition, the study found that the teaching methods used during lessons supported gender inequality whereby the girls received less attention as compared to the boys, limiting them from attaining their potential. Lastly, some of the teaching and learning materials used in the pre-primary classrooms perpetuated socially-constructed gender roles. The findings from the study conclude that the pre-primary teachers in national and international pre-primary schools need the skills and knowledge to create a classroom environment that encourages gender responsiveness. Therefore there is a need for institutions to train teachers in skills in gender responsiveness in early childhood education, or provide continuous professional development for practicing teachers. The study recommends that the teachers use learner-centered methods of teaching, which give opportunity to both boys and girls to participate during the learning process in early childhood classrooms.
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    Factors Involved in Social Mobilization for Citizen Participation: An Analysis of Voluntary HIV/AIDS Community Initiatives
    (Makerere University, 2018-09-28) Nyende, Paul
    The study examined the factors involved in social mobilization and citizen participation while analyzing voluntary HIV/AIDS community initiatives. The study reviews and examines theories that are applicable to social mobilization including; Resource mobilization theory, functional motivation theory, social role theory of gender, empowerment and social capital model in relation to citizen participation. The study amalgamates aspects of the reviewed theories generating a more comprehensive understanding of the process of social mobilization. The study aimed at developing a path model that examines the interplay among social learning variables namely; social capital, psychological sense of community, community organization social climate, member satisfaction, and psychological empowerment and how they culminate into citizen participation while doing an analysis on volunteer motivation and the factors that maintain participation of volunteers in community activity. The respondents were volunteers in HIV/AIDs organizations who have had training and have served in their communities for a long time. The Concurrent nested mixed method design was used for the study in which both quantitative and qualitative methods are simultaneously employed. The method gives priority to one of the methods and guides the project, while another is embedded or nested. Correlation and regression analysis were carried out assessing relationship between variables and predictive power on empowerment respectively. Findings confirm positive correlations among the study variables namely; social capital and psychological sense of community, community organization social climate and member satisfaction, psychological sense of community and psychological empowerment, member satisfaction and psychological empowerment and psychological empowerment and citizen participation. Furthermore, the suggested model had two converging paths leading to psychological empowerment, one through psychological sense of community and the other through member satisfaction and the linear regression analysis aimed at identifying which one of the two paths had greater predictive power on psychological empowerment. Psychological sense of community was a stronger predictor of psychological empowerment than group member satisfaction. Consequently the study contributes to knowledge through revealing a new perspective in the analysis of variables involved in citizen participation by testing the proposed path model and discovering that it holds and is a good fit. Findings also agree with the social role theory of gender that women were more likely to volunteer than men. The study also reveals that the motives that drive volunteers include; the self-serving and achievement motive, affiliation and relational motive, power motive and the belief Motive and participation is maintained over time by feelings that their efforts are appreciated, Having positive impact on others, attainment of the group goals, development of personal skills and the development of strong supportive relationships. Finally the study discusses implications for development of theory extending earlier findings through integrating aspects of earlier theories in citizen participation and makes recommendations for future research, pointing out where emphasis needs to be placed.