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Chiefs and the "Land Question" in Busoga District, Uganda, 1895-1936

(Boston University African Studies Center, 1979) Nayenga, Peter F. B.

Introduction: The control of land in precolonial Busoga was so central a factor that it had ramifications for almost all other aspects of that society. That is, an individual who was authorized to distribute land was not only granting a means of production, but he was conferring prestige and authority on the recipients. As the Basoga chiefs had previously been in control of the land, they were anxious that this land system be preserved when the British established a protectorate over Busoga in 1895. This paper focuses on the efforts of Basoga chiefs to retain their control over land and shows how, as a result, they had failed by 1936, thereby becoming salaried officials functionally divorced from land ownership and the production process. Their dependence on salaries was partly responsible for the economic problems into which the Basoga chiefs plunged after leaving the colonial civil service.
The history of Busoga

(Boston University African Studies Center, 1981) Nayenga, Peter F. B.

This is a review article on Womunafu's bunafu: A study of authority in a nineteenth-century African community. By David William Cohen.
Commercial cotton growing in Busoga District, Uganda, 1905-1923

(African Studies Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1981) Nayenga, Peter F. B.
Religion as a divisive factor in Buganda, 1962-1994

(Makerere University, 1995) Kiggundu, Musoke Muhammad

In this study efforts have been made to analyze religion as a divisive factor in Buganda from 1962 to 1994. In Buganda, this period of 33 years of political independence has witnessed various religious discrimination against one another, by Ugandans themselves. It has also been noted that by the time of independence, Ugandans had the old feelings that members of some religious traditions were inferior to others. Notably Anglicans were considered first class, Catholics second class, Muslims third class while followers of indigenous religion were placed nowhere. The population involved in this study included various categories: the educated, non-educated, literate, illiterate and followers of different religious traditions in Buganda. The study has tried to answer the questions why religion has been misused and misinterpreted to divide the people of Uganda. In this study, efforts have been made to analyze the role of religion as a divisive factor in Buganda from 1962 (the year of Uganda's independence) to 1994 a year after Buganda had been restored as a Kingdom. The work produced has been divided into five chapters which make up a full thesis. The first chapter is introduction and gives a background to the study. Chapter Two deals with the theoretical framework, Chapter Three is an analysis of Islamic divisive factors, while Chapter Four and Five follow the same procedure respectively. There is a general conclusion which deals with both findings, and recommendations. Methods used in the execution of the study included Library and field research. Some literature related to the study has been consulted especially for historical analysis, xix while interviews (oral and written), observations and participatory discussions have been used. The study has indicated that whereas religion is a vital social institution, it has been misused by same people which has led to divisions and disharmony in Buganda.
A history of border-relations between the people of Ugnda and Kenya: the case of the Abasamia of the two countries 1902-1980.

(Makerere University., 1996) Kwamusi, Geoffrey

This study discusses the nature of border-relations between the Abasamia of Uganda the ones of Kenya from an historical point of view. It is established that prior to the 1902 creation of the Uganda-Kenya border, the Abasamia of the two countries lived in a single ethnic territory known as Samia and they had developed progressive economic, political and social institutions. The arrival of British colonialism, led to the establishment of colonial borders that had no respect for African organizations and African ethnic groups. Through the introduction of the Uganda-Kenya border, some ethnic groups such as the Abasamia were split into two, while several others were compelled to belong to countries which had multi-ethnic compositions that did not share a common culture and or a common past. The study contends that the mere possession of borders is not a sufficient reason to qualify a country to be called a nation: There is need to identify the people who belong to it. Our submission is that the manner, in which colonial boundaries were established, was socially disruptive, intended to promote the policy of ‘divide and rule’ and did not, therefore, contribute to nation-building in Africa. It is further contended that despite colonial and post-colonial efforts to keep them divided, the Abasamia of Uganda and the ones of Kenya continued to undermine the border restrictions imposed on them. It is argued that the conduct of their cross-border ties since the creation of Uganda-Kenya border, points to the fact that they continued to identify with their common past. The study concludes by summarizing the findings as well as proposing workable solutions to t he plight of borderland ethnic groups between Uganda and Kenya, particularly, the plight of the Abasamia.
Theatre for development in Uganda

(Makerere University., 1996-01) Semambo-Sempeebwa, Christine

Even though Theater for Development is an important tool for conscientizing communities towards collective action leading to development, not much research has been carried out in this area in Uganda. This study focuses on the impact of Theater for Development among, the rural communities of Kapeeka and Wakyato. Chapter one outlines the purpose and scope of the study. A theoretical framework giving the analytic approach and the Theater for Development concepts and theories is also given in this chapter. Chapter two gives the history of Theater for Development in Uganda, highlighting factors that have undermined people’s genuine participation in socio-economic and political development, thus contributing to the increase us of Theater for Development in Uganda. Chapter three introduces the fieldwork methodology and selection procedures for the survey. It gives the reasons for selecting the area of study. The chapter also looks at the mechanism and medium for data collection. The data collected and the indicators that correspond to it are also given. Finally the chapter outlines the limitations of the study. Chapter four is the score chapter. It gives analysis and interprets the research findings. In this chapter the effect of theater on the people of Wakyato and Kapeeka is also analysed. This is followed by a number of conclusions and recommendations for the future in chapter five.
"Nietzsche's will to power in man and society of Uganda".

(Makerere University., 1996-04) Ngorok, Pasquale

This thesis analyzes the will to power of Nietzsche in the context of Uganda. The author wants to examine both social and political conflicts in Uganda in the light of will to power. This means that every conflict that has befallen any society in Uganda is because man wants to dominate others, to have more power, wealth, knowledge, etc than the rest. Nietzsche holds the principle of will to power to be a fundamental concept to which every human action can be reduced and through which it can be understood. However, unlike will to power as postulated by Nietzsche, the investigator wants to chronicle the evolution of will to power. Nietzsche’s will to power was a glorification of the strong over the weak, a form of might is right; and a tenet that was characteristic of his age-where there was no world social-political order as we have it today. This thesis maintains that much as will to power rules every action of man, this will to power has however evolved from the brute will to power of Nietzsche’s time and age to an enlightened will to power of the investigator’s time and age. Analyzes of various conflicts together with some tenets of a few philosophers indicated that there is an underlying principle to every human action. Will to power has posited by Nietzsche is a glorification of the German dictators of his time. It can be likened to Darwinian survival of the fittest. The study reveals another type of will to power: a positive will to power; a will to power of the strong (morally), an ideal will to power which is advocated by Christ. This will to power is will-to-become, according to the investigator. This principle transcends that of Nietzsche; and the researcher calls it will-to-become.
The suppression of social freedom as an obstacle to national social development in Uganda

(Makerere University, 1997) Birungi, Ubaldo R.

The study aimed at a philosophical demonstration of the view that suppression of social freedom is a major factor that underlies the low level of social development and the undesirable state of affairs that have prevailed in Uganda. In this endeavour the study applies conceptual and descriptive analysis with deductive and inductive approaches to arrive at its conclusions. The study contends that the undesirable social state of affairs especially the political and economic ills that plagued Uganda were largely due to the suppression of the freedom and rights of the people of Uganda. The study confirms the above contention by exploring and revealing the suppression of the freedom in various forms and aspects from the onset of Uganda's political independence up to 1986. The thesis then makes a conceptual analysis of social freedom and social development respectively. Clarification on the concepts of social freedom and social development are made. Social freedom is described as a quality that facilitates the state of affairs or conditions void of unnecessary constraints on people's autonomy. Social development, on the other hand, is described as a desirable ideal social state of affairs that all people and all societies ought to aim at. The thesis then proceeds with a descriptive analysis of the political, economic and cultural historical phenomena and experience of Uganda. Only the phenomena and experience characterised by the suppression of freedom are analysed to provide the necessary empirical basis for exposition of the reality of suppression of freedom in Uganda. Subsequently, the study analyses the relationship between the concepts of social freedom and social development. It is contended that there is a strong inherent connection between the two concepts. And deducing from Uganda's historical phenomena and experience, the study asserts that the suppression of social freedom has been an obstacle to national social development and also demonstrates how the former has been an obstacle to the latter. Finally, the thesis asserts that social freedom is an essential quality that plays a facilitating role in the process of social development It concludes and recommends that social freedom (ought to) be respected, cherished and enjoyed by all Ugandans if Uganda is ever to realise higher level of social development, the desired social state of affairs, more desired living conditions and progress in all social aspects.
Illegitimate children among the Banyankole from pre-colonial to the president time

(Makerere University, 1998) Kajumba, Patrick

The basic objectives of this study were to establish whether during the traditional days, there were children born to un married parents. If Yes, how often and how were they treated by society. If not I how society managed to guard against the birth of such children. This was in light of the present phenomenon of illegitimate children who are mistreated in various ways. The study compared the past and the present socioeconomic cultural and religious arrangements and how they affect people's sexual behaviors. This was aimed at establishing cause for the disparity between incidences of illegitimate child bearing in the past and today, Using interview guides, elders, religious leaders, illegitimate children and step-mothers were interviewed. Observation was also done in selected families in which there are illegitimate children and step-mothers. It was discovered that the traditional social structure, based on strong communal kinship ties, reinforced by a fanatic religious lifestyle was protective of the people against moral and spiritual harm. Traditional people were not adventurous and leisure activities were community building society erected stiff barriers and instituted a harsh code of norms and effectively administered punishment for sex abusers in word and/or action. With the introduction of 'Western culture' which glorified sex-based-love' and promoted socioeconomic individualism, gave extra time for/and variety of leisure based on material luxury I the ground for mass illegitimate child-bearing was prepared. The researcher recommended that family life and moral education be introduced and intensified in families and schools. The laws that protect and promote Children’s rights be strengthened I publicized in the language that the masses understand and implemented accordingly.
The performance of Lake Mburo Resettlement Scheme : an evaluation

(Makerere University, 1998) Kakande-Kavuma, Yunus

The study evaluates the performance of Lake Mburo Resettlement Scheme. The emphasis was on establishing the nature and level of both successes and shortcomings of government efforts to resettle and resuscitate the erstwhile 1981-1986war displaced persons into self-reliant and self-sustaining citizens. The study critically looks at whether the implementation of the scheme was effected after comprehensive consultation and planning, the nature of assistance given to resettlers, the extent to which resettlers were engaged in productive and income generating activities, the nature and status of social infrastructure in place, and the extent to which environmental awareness and conservation have been inculcated in the resettled people, the extent the resettled people are involved in policy making, the relationship between the resettled people and the National Park and the problems faced by the school. The study design was exploratory. It includes semi-structured interview schedule, key informants guide and observation guide. A sample of 200 heads of households out of the 980 resettled families was studied. The study also involved 23 key informants. The study findings were that the Scheme was effectively planned yet the displaced people were never consulted on being resettled in the Scheme; the resettled people received assistance in form of land, food, and transport facilities among others, this assisted them to settle down; the resettled people are engaged in productive and income generating activities but are yet to become self-sufficient; education and health facilities are commendable, although water and road infrastructure are still inadequate; environmental awareness and the need for conservation have been inculcated among the resettled people; the resettled people are to some extent being involved in the policy making process of the scheme. The relationship between the scheme and the Park is strained but useful to each other; the Scheme is beset with a number of problems ranging from water shortage, destruction of crops by animals from the Park and insufficient incomes among others. It has been recommended that extensive efforts should be geared towards the planning and the designing of the critical early stages of resettlement; Government and relief bodies need to assist resettlers maximally during the "take-off' stage. That combined efforts from all stakeholders are needed to enable the resettled people fully engage in productive and income generating activities: environmentally conscious mode of life need to be continuously promoted; government need to provide mechanism for transparent popular fora and sensitize resettlers on matters affecting them. The relationship between the Scheme and the Park should be promoted by tackling problems and areas of common interest together towards an efficient and effective resuscitation of people resettled in Lake Mburo Resettlement Scheme.
Orature and human development: the significance of proverbs and riddles in poverty eradication

( 1998) Wambi, Gulere Cornelius

The process human development is primarily grounded in the task of eliminating poverty. Over 3.5 billion people of the world have little or no shelter, have inadequate food supply, suffer poor health, can not read or write, are unemployed and have little hope for a better life due to poverty. Most of these poor people are found in Africa, Asia and South America who over the years have been victims to slavery and colonialism. Such a hopeless situation could be reversed through the creation of conditions conducive to the growth of people’s self-esteem, through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions that promote human dignity and respect for the worth of each individual. This study focuses on orature as a sustainable means of increasing people’s dignity, freedom and range of choice variables in terms of essential services and goods. Orature being a time-tested medium of communication, through which human beings objectively express their subjective cultural values and ideology of life; it has the potential to transform human beings and society to a high degree. Forms of orature like chants; puns, proverbs, recitals, riddles, songs, stories and tongue twisters are potent with human developmental values. They convey the beauty or aesthetics, philosophy, attitudes, historical facts and basic folk wisdom of a given people at all times of their growth and development. Orature is the store and purveyor of human thoughts, aspirations and identity. It has done this before the Gothenburg era of the printing press and continues to do so in the electronic age because of its vitality to directly touch the essential being of the humanity.
Le concept de la democratie: forme ou contenu? l'approche comparee du systeme politique ougandais et Francais

( 1998-10) Kakuba, Christian J.

1. Background and Methodology The background to the dissertation is implied in the title: The concept democracy, form or content: - a comparative approach to the Ugandan and French political systems. As a background to this problem, it had always been a common tendency for scholars and politicians to link democracy to a multiparty system of government to the extent that even some of the political systems like the movement system that have forged ahead in the democratisation process have continued to be described as non democratic. The objectives of this study included among other things:- Deepening our understanding of the concept democracy, understanding the proper functioning of the movement system of government, understanding the proper functioning of the multi-party system of government, establishing if the movement system is on the right path towards democratisation, and finally establishing if the third world has to adopt the models of western nations in order to forge ahead in the line of democratisation. This research was premised on two questions as the hypotheses and these were:- That Uganda can follow her own path towards democratisation other than that followed by the France and that Uganda may have to borrow some elements from the French system of government in order to forge ahead or vice -versa. The research largely hinged on documents in view of the fact that concepts that are a bit complex like democracy cannot be studied through questionnaires. Like most researches in the domain of social sciences, this research was based on qualitative methods of data collection. A study was conducted into the French system and the Ugandan system and concepts like the independence of the judiciary, the role of parliament, the role of the press, the respect of human rights were looked at and these are the tenets of democracy. 2. Major Findings from the Study In chapter two, an elaborate and profound model of democracy was given and in this model, elections and the three arms of government were profoundly discussed. Elections were seen as a major aspect of democracy more so since they precede democratic governments, these same elections empower the electorate to make and unmake people's representatives. In addition it was explained that elections should be popular, competitive free and fair to the extent that, the verdict of the election should tally with the composition of parliament. If for example people are genuinely tired of the socialist government, they should change this through their great tool, the election and their discontent should also reflect the composition of parliament. Elections ought to be on universal suffrage implying that no restriction of any sort should interfere with them and the circumstances under which this can be derogated from were also elaborated. Parliament in a real democracy should be independent in matters relating to recruitment of its members and these should be recruited in free and fair elections. They should in addition treasure immunities that make them free in relation to the executive. As pertains to voting in parliament, this should not be interfered with by the executive and the voting should be secret. Parliamentarians should also be masters of their own program and debates and never should government interfere in this role. The judiciary has also been seen as an important organ that can check excesses of government power. An independent and autonomous judiciary guarantees enjoyment of civil rights and liberties to the people. In a nutshell in chapter two, democracy revolves around an election and the independence of three branches of government. The interactions between these should take place in a milieu of checks and balances. The proper functioning of institutions is not an end in itself; it is a means whose end is to guarantee civil rights and liberties to the people. Democracy is thus not only a system of government (the proper functioning of institutions) but also a way of life (the enjoyment of rights and liberties in all aspects of life). Having looked at the democratic model, the French political system was annualized. Since 1981 the French had elected their presidents three times that is in 198 1, 1988 and 1995 and had changed their parliaments several times as well that is in 1981, 1986, 1988, 1993, and 1997. It was equally found out that the changes are effected through free and fair elections that conform to constitutiona1 provisions. The French system is characterised by political parties and these are so rooted that they explain aspects of elections, representation, composition of parliament, change of government and others. Between 198 1 and 1997 the French government has oscillated between the right wing and the left wing and behind these oscillations was "the people" who had consistently put into practice their constitutional right of determining their leaders. The French parliament has always contained the opposition and the majority, what was however more interesting to note was that this composition is ephemeral, since the opposition of today would turn out to be the majority of tomorrow. According to research, the French are becoming more and more apolitical and this was vindicated by the increasing number of people abstaining from voting. Opinion polls conducted by SOFRES also revealed that more and more French are of the view that political parties are useless. These two phenomena pose great dangers to western democracies in general. A conclusion was arrived at that the French system of government is largely democratic and this is owed to its strong and preponderant institutions that have evolved since 1789. It was equally contended that the economic strength has had a positive impact on the stability of institutions. In the fourth chapter the movement system of government was discussed and it was ascertained that through the R.C system, people can elect their leaders from the grassroots to the district level and even to parliament. Not only do they elect representatives, they may also recall them. In addition, disadvantaged groups like women and the youth are equally represented. This system of government was juxtaposed with the former one (of chiefs) and what was clear was that while the former chief had fused powers with no checks and balances, the new one had elected members with differentiated roles and that these had checks- and balances both amongst themselves and between them and the people. In addition, these R.Cs being people organs have had a problem with the historical organs like the police and the courts. The latter largely worked in favour and in the interests of the learned and the rich to detriment of the majority and vulnerable poor. The notion of elections is respected both within the R.C structures and outside and parliament having been constituted in 1987 was expanded in 1989 and subsequent elections were held in 1996. In that line, parliament as an institution has undergone a fundamental transformation both in terms of its composition, method of recruitment and autonomy vis-a-vis government. In several instances, parliament has had to question the executive and a case whereby a minister was threatened with censure and resigned was also looked at. The R.C system has brought judicial powers nearer to the people since the illiterate and poor who lost many cases due to bribery in the courts and police units can now sit down and arbitrate amongst themselves. The judiciary is not yet fully independent although it is manifesting increasing tendencies of independence. Cases such as Ssempebwa Vs the Attorney General, Tinyefuza Vs the Attorney General, Ssezi Cheye Vs State House and several others were looked at. However in cases like the Rwabyomere case the supremacy of the executive in relation to the judiciary was still prevalent. In a nutshell the judiciary is greatly gaining independence. Having looked at the R.C system and the three arms of government, human rights were also looked at and what was clear is that there has been violation of the same especially in the war affected areas of the north thereby denying democracy to the people. In the concluding remarks, the future of stability in Uganda and the future of what has been achieved lies in finding a solution to the northern crisis since Uganda is a poor nation and thus cannot provide much to its peoples, and since it is under the influence of the world super powers, the northern war may be a breeding ground for the collapse of the system. Our state is vulnerable in the face of those factors. The democratization process in Uganda is nevertheless in high gear. 3. Conclusions and Recommendations In the fifth and the last chapter general conclusions and recommendations were made in line with the objectives and hypotheses of this study. Some of them have been looked at already but in addition the following may be highlighted:- That democracy is an ideal and that no nation can thus claim to be democratic. In addition, those that are democratic are nearer to democracy than to dictatorship. Democracy is an ephemeral concept that ought to be seen in a particular context. The French system was largely democratic since among other things, leaders and representatives are elected consistently and in the rightful conditions. Another interesting aspect was that the functioning of institutions is in line with the constitution of the 5h republic. The continuing tendency of the French to be apolitical and not to vote as well as continued criticisms of parties by the French seem to be a threat to the future of western democracies. As for the Ugandan system, political institutions are in a fundamental transformation in the movement and the movement is democratic if democracy implies the rule of the people and if the people are the majority. This system accommodates all people including the poor, the illiterate, the hungry and the vulnerable. However, in future like ten years from now, when Uganda has ended the northern crisis, parties may be introduced for as Mahmood Mamdani remarked, monopoly (of the movement) breeds arrogance and this leads to inefficiency, corruption, abuse of office, tribalism and others. In looking at this we must however look at our status in the new world order and our economic strength. That is why we proposed that parties be introduced 10 years from now. In the concluding remarks, it was pointed out that the principles of democracy are universal but the ways of bringing these into practice vary from country to country. Each country does this in a particular socioeconomic and political milieu and therefore the content of democracy is the same but the forms may be diverse.
Disability and sexuality : a case of women with physical disabilities in Kampala

(Makerere University, 1999) Masagazi, Marion Mirembe

This study is about disabled women and the problems they face when they engage in sexual relationships with men. Uke everybody else, women with disabilities- have sexual needs and. deserve decent social relationships. However, quite often, their relationships are full of exploitation. Men do not want to be socially associated with disabled women. This problem is worsened when these women conceive. They usually raise their children single handedly This can be very challenging since they are usually financially unsound. It’s in view of the above problems that a sample of 50 women with physical disabilities (lame. visual and hearing impairments) was interviewed to find out the major sexuality problems of these women. The sample was purposively selected. The study employed a qualitative approach. Interviews and observations were the main techniques employed in gathering information. Findings and interpretations from the study is presented in table portraying percentages. These findings are exhaustively interpreted and discussed. Recommendations to enhance the social status of women with disabilities are also given.
The impact of women emancipation on the family in Uganda : a Kampala case study

(Makerere University, 1999) Wasswa, Charles

Women emancipation is a process with various stages and components. Women emancipation has two major aspects, the social physical and the epistemological or cognitive. In the social-physical .context, Women emancipation constitutes a process of liberating women from their subordinate position imposed on them by culture or tradition to equality with men. Traditional society perpetuated false consciousness by painting the picture that oppressive and exploitative traditional cultural values and practices on which roles and perceptions of women were base dare normal, legitimate and natural part of culture of the society. Epistemological emancipation is the realization of oppressive traditional cultural values and practices for what they are: oppressive and exploitative. There has been a clash between the traditional cultural order and the new order due to the emancipation. This clash has affected the family both positively and negatively. The main problems that bring about negative effects of women emancipation on the family are value clashes, abandonment of traditional values which enabled family stability, wholesale appropriation of western values and a misconception of women emancipation. Since the family is of fundamental Importance as an Institution of society and as a framework of Individual life, there Is need to strengthen It. A synthesis of traditional cultural values and new emancipative values, going back to the traditional values which enabled family stability, development of a critical outlook to values and creation of awareness about women emancipation are some of the solutions that the study recommends.
Theatre and the market in Uganda

( 2001-08) Mirembe, Ntangaare Mercy

Most times, theatre is understood to mean the performance of plays or drama before a paying audience. The present study conceives theatre not only as drama or plays, for or not for commercial purposes, but also as a profession and a career. Theatre is an industry, and like all industries it undertakes the production, distribution, and or marketing processes. Theatre is made by people for people in order to meet their special needs, wants, and demands. This exchange of ideas and pleasure of necessity brings in issues of commerce and payment. That is how and when theatre begins to relate to the market, and its inherent forces of demand and supply. In practice, theatre must meet the general expectations of its consumers, leaving the specifics to be met by the theatre's different forms and presentations. Whether the theatre is commercial, educational, mobilisational, or therapeutic its basic aim remains one: to meet the needs and expectations of its audiences. In most cases, theatre audiences constitute the industry's primary market, and, consequently, dictate the nature and design of theatre products. Ideally, these processes, as is the case in other industries providing goods and services on the open market, are supposed to be preceded by market research and definition. Inevitably, therefore, theatre is conditioned by characteristics, beliefs, and aspirations of audiences as well as the general environment under which its potential consumers live and the industry operates. Cultural, national, and global issues all come to bear significantly on theatre as an art, a profession, and a social experience. Thus the researcher's main aim in this study is to establish how the market demands of society affect theatre's supply in terms of its manufacture (Organisation and management), form and substance (as a product and service), and its consumption (or distribution and marketing). Chapter One sets the objectives and introduces the main arguments of the study, giving a full concept of theories and facts at the centre of the research. The chapter also offers conventional and contextual definitions of key words and terms used in the research, and highlights the methodology used to gather, code, and analyse the data for the research report. At the end of the chapter is given an overview of the strengths and limitations of the core methods used to gather and analyse data as well as the general constraints to the research process. Chapter Two contains the literature reviewed in relation to the study. The chapter also discusses the critical theories employed on the research variables, and gives both the theoretical and conceptual frameworks of the study. Chapter Three looks at the market forces and demands that have been operational in Uganda's theatre since the industry's formal recognition in Uganda in the early 1940s. The chapter plots the history of theatre development in Uganda with particular reference to the impact of colonial policy, literary traditions, post-independence politics, and economic conditions on theatre's growth and development as an art, a profession, and a business enterprise. The discussion in Chapter Four is premised on current progressive trends in theatre, which were born of historical circumstances highlighted in the third chapter. Four main constituents of theatre in Uganda have been identified. These are: traditional or community theatre, commercial theatre, education theatre, and development theatre. Festivals have been identified to rotate between traditional theatre and development theatre, depending on where the practitioners place emphasis. On the other hand, the goals and roles of theatre's institutions like the Uganda National Cultural Centre (UNCC), the Uganda Theatrical Groups and Artists Association (UTIGAA), the International Theatre Institute (Ill), etc. have been reviewed in light of specific factors under discussion. Chapter Five discusses the nature and practice of theatre business in Uganda. Considering the general environment under which theatre survives as a business enterprise in Uganda, the theatre has been found to be mostly commercial in concept and nature. Therefore, the market dictates what to produce, how to produce it, and how to market and/or consume the theatre's products. Consequently, theatre hardly exists as social service, and there is little difference in the marketing of theatre and other consumer commodities on the market. In some instances, theatre practice in Uganda has been observed to abandon conventional methods in favour of market rivalry and blackmail. Chapter Six highlights challenges and opportunities of doing theatre business in Uganda today. These conditions exist both within and outside the industry, and constitute issues of management and organisation, scholarship, finance, marketing and distribution. The nature and distribution of theatre's primary market-the audiences-are also discussed in relation to their individual or group characteristics. Each major section of the chapter ends with suggestions and or recommendations towards achieving consolidation of the theatre business. Chapter Seven is the main conclusion to the study. As its title suggests, the chapter aims at knotting together the study's main threads of argument. The main issues raised in each chapter are resolved in relation to the topic & study. An exposition of the theatre's Rely future trends in form, content, and business organisation is given as an anecdote to the study.
The impact of micro finance institutions on poverty alleviation in Uganda: A case study of Commercial Micro Finance Limited in Pallisa District

(Makerere University, 2002) Kamugisha, Barbara

Poverty alleviation is a contentious issue that is highly debated in all circles of life; be it political, social or economic. Even more contentious is the issue of poverty eradication. Governments the world over have highlighted poverty eradication as a top priority subject. The most recent remedy believed to have a probable positive impact is the idea of micro finance. The abundance of literature on micro finance and the various institutions practicing it build a firm background for thorough assessment of the actual impact of the institutions on the ground. The study also employs an ethical view on the real motive of the operation of MFIs, particularly in Uganda. The study focuses on the impact of MFIs on poverty alleviation, with particular reference to C.M.F.L in Pallisa district. C.M.F.L is one of the MFIs in Uganda, with a considerably wide coverage of the country. The study utilises both qualitative and quantitative methods. The direct beneficiaries constituted the primary respondents. Key informants were drawn from the policy makers on micro finance from B.O.U and the UMFA as well as the top management and staff of C.M.F.L and U.W.F.T that were apparently the only operational MFIs in Pallisa district besides NGOs like Action Aid. Focus discussion groups, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and observation techniques were utilised. Chapter one presents an overview of the problem in question highlighting the aspects of the proposal like the background to the study, the statement of the problem, the objectives and scope of the study, the justification, and significance of the study and the conceptual framework. In Chapter Two, literature that relates to the topic of study has been reviewed. This review is presented in a systematic and coherent manner with relevant elaborations. In some cases, the researcher used the knowledge and experience gained about micro finance over the years, including actual involvement, to corroborate what other scholars and writers have observed. The methods that were utilised to collect, analyse and document data are presented in Chapter Three. The chapter also precisely highlights the actual intentions of these institutions in the administration of credit, and the problems encountered by the researcher. From the analysis of the study, the relevant deductions have been made and a number of recommendations drawn in the hope that the findings and their analysis might help MFIs achieve their goal in an ethical and more humane manner. All in all, it is hoped that this study shall further provide guidelines as a basis for techniques on the application of micro finance in the country.
The right to health in Uganda : a study of government Visa A Vis non-government health service providers focusing on Mulago and Rubaga Hospitals (1986-2001)

(Makerere University, 2002) Ayetoranire, Alison Annah

The study is about the Right to Health in Uganda with a comparison between Government and Non Government hospitals from 1986-2001. Mulago and Rubaga hospitals representing Government and NGOs hospitals were selected as case studies by random sampling. The main goal of the study was to assess the extent to which the right to health is being implemented and protected in Uganda. This was done by carrying out a comprehensive library research for literature review and administering questionnaires for primary data. 105 questionnaires were administered where 44 were directed to patients. 20 to doctor. 21 to nurses. 5 to administrators and 15 to general people. It was found out that the right to health has not been fully promoted and protected in Uganda as required by the international law. There is lack of enough health facilities to match the increasing population and there are no specific legislative measures in place to ensure full realization of this right. As regards the NGOs hospitals, patients enjoyed medical services and medical attention rendered to them but these were mainly in private wards. Services and attention given to those in private wards are much far better than those given to the patients in general wards. It was therefore not surprising to come out with a big percentage of cases of discrimination in NGOs hospitals than in Government hospitals. This does not however rule out the fact that Government hospitals also have weaknesses. They lack enough medical personnel due to government ban on recruitment of medical workers because of Structural Adjustment Programme, low salaries and poor distribution of the few available personnel and corruption. Following the above findings, a number of recommendations were made and
Role of the human person in land conservation: a consideration of Kabale women’s efforts in environment management

( 2002-01) Nimanya, Richard

Land conservation has been chosen to be the subject of critical inquiry because of environmental problems faced by the people of Kabale district and the role played by the human person has been put at the fore front because the inwardness or the inner quality being a metaphysical entity which can transcend the physical is in itself unlimited. So, everything that is acted upon in time and space by man happens the way it is because the human mind is. This academic activity connotes some broad philosophical attitude toward our conceptualisation of environmental problems. Theorising our environmental management is, as a whole and in detail, fundamentally motivated and justified by conditions of value and utility in serving our various aims and needs. The number of respondents selected per the whole area of study was 170 including members of women groups. Rukiga County provided 40 randomly selected respondents, Rubanda County 60 and in Ndorwa the interviewees were 60. The other 10 provided useful ideas. These included researchers, government officials and others with knowledge of environmental problems in the district. The results of the study indicate that woman becomes evil if she does not become true to her nature. It is only where there is individual responsibility that one is morally answerable. Therefore, action requires that you know the alternative, make a choice and that you are capable of carrying out a decision. This decision must not curtail peoples’ range of choices, take away their rights as both individuals and society, and the decision must not cause ill effects on human existence. The social goal or common goal must remain basic to both present and future generation. On the central issue of the logical relation between natural environment management and values, ethical considerations in this study have provided increasingly clear and sophisticated statements of two fundamental positions. That is, naturalism and non-naturalism (sometimes called teleology and deontology). Each of these accounts of value and moral rightness has revealed an additional dimension of the complex logic of ethical judgement. Naturalistic considerations have brought to light various ways in which ethical judgement is grounded on the fulfilment of biological and social needs while non-naturalistic ideas have revealed prescriptive aspects of moral concepts that are independent of prudential considerations. The attitudes of women towards development through conservation were totally positive and even other social groups are now in for the same. About suggestions, women supported the idea of establishing conservation groups that are locally managed and do focus on a broader perspective as a society. The report recommends the imperative need to dig out reality before any action is undertaken and that if the future is to be tolerable human breeding must be brought under sensible control and that we must conserve and preserve our natural resources and learn how to live in this environment by our reason and not any kind of automatism. The report concludes that women should not take themselves as if they are not part of this natural environment. We human beings should learn how to live in good relationship with this natural environment. Thus, the main effort of this ethical philosophy was to bring together in a consistent pattern all the two ends, both the desire to exploit land resources for the human survival and the emergent need to conserve the same natural environment for present and future generation. All these constitute our philosophical heritage.
Means of support for elderly persons and their living preferences : a case study of Kampala District

(Makerere University, 2004) Mugisha, Muhumuza Andrew

This study was aimed at establishing the main factors that determined elderly persons' living arrangements in Kampala. This undertaking was made in response to recent socio demographic trends that have been threatening the traditional care systems of the elderly, and which are bound to have serious implications for the future elderly population's• housing needs. Data were collected from 306 elderly respondents selected using a simple random sampling design. A significantly higher proportion of males were found to own property than females. A significantly higher proportion of elderly males than females were found to have earned pension income, salary income, rent income and accumulated wealth. Also, a significantly higher proportion of married respondents earned pension income and salaried income, than widowed respondents. And, significantly higher proportions of better educated respondents were found to have earned pension income, salary income and accumulated wealth, than the lesser educated respondents. There were also intergenerational transfers of assistance and they occurred from the intermediate (or working age) generation to the elderly generation, and back to the dependent (or younger generation). Adult children (and relatives) provided financial assistance to their elderly parents. The male, married and better educated respondents received more financial assistance. These subgroups also had significantly larger mean numbers of dependents to support, and consequently spent more on their dependents, than their respective counterparts did. The elderly respondents' most preferred living arrangement was living alone with a spouse, followed by living with an unmarried daughter, and then by living alone, living with an unmarried son, living with a married son and living with a married daughter. Recommendations included requesting effective provision of reliable social security structures like pension schemes from government. Government intervention programmes were also suggested and these ranged from: providing progressively mote financial support to elderly persons with larger numbers of orphans; to assuming complete responsibility for these orphans. Possible areas of future research were mentioned as: the establishment of a comprehensive earlier-life model for living preferences; inquiring into the knowledge and practice that people have of saving for old age; determining the extent of support provided by elderly persons to orphans; finding out what type of support the elderly population would expect to receive from the government; studying the effects that health status has on living preferences; studying the factors that affect the elderly population's demand for community homes in East Africa; carrying' out sociological studies to discover what elderly persons' living preferences are with special attention been paid to areas such as the influence of family ties; determining the main constraints older persons face during their strife to derive financial security; gaining deeper understanding about the reasons for kin refraining from providing support to their elderly relatives; and measuring the extent to which internal migration by older persons affects their living preferences.
Appraisal of affirmative action on the promotion of rights for persons with disabilities in Uganda : a case study of Kumi District (1995 to 2002)

(Makerere University, 2004) Emong, Paul

The research focuses on finding out how disability legislation, particularly affirmative action has made disabled people attain human rights, access to resources, community services and the basic needs. The study revealed that though affirmative action is a constitutional right and has resulted into pro-disability provisions as is indicated in the written laws of Uganda since 1995; it is not highly considered by civil servants. One of the major reasons for this is the ignorance of many of these civil servants as far as the law providing for the rights of the disabled people is concerned. As a result, its implementation particularly through affirmative action. has not benefited disabled people. Both political leaders and civil servants were ignorant of its implementation. The following still need attention: ignorance, lack of clear policies on disability at the local council level, critical role of affirmative action, further propagation of disability policies, education, the role of the disabled parliamentarians and councilors of disabled people. Therefore the study recommends further propagation of rights of disabled people, at international and national levels. At the time when this study was carried out, there was no Disability Act. However the National Council for Disability Act was enacted in 2003 and establishes the Disability Councils. What is now required is a Comprehensive Law in disability and effective functioning of the Disability Council both at National and Local Council levels.

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