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Problems and coping strategies of Child Headed Households in Fisher Folk Communities: A case of Lwampanga Sub-County, Nakasongola District

(Makerere University, 210-11) Nanfuka, Esther Kalule

Abstract Child Headed Households (CHHs) have more or less become an acceptable family form in many parts of Uganda and the world at large. Nevertheless, they continue to suffer a host of hardships as they strive to survive; and in the process naturally mobilize their psychological and socio- economic resources to cope with the situation. This study attempted to uncover the social situation of CHHs in the fishing communities of Lwampanga Sub-County, Nakasongola district, using a qualitative approach and a descriptive case study design. The specific objectives of the study include the transitioning of households from adult headed to child headed, the problems they encounter and the coping strategies they adopt to deal with them. The key findings from the study include but are not limited to: the locality is a key variable in determining the forms, causes, problems and coping strategies of CHHs within its vicinity; the emergence of a new form of CHHs consisting of single or non orphans encountering problems similar to those of other types; and the observation that the existence of parents is no guarantee that the children’s welfare will be catered for. The emergence of CHHs in the landing sites of the study area is perpetuated more by a complex web of constraints embedded in the socio- economic/cultural and political systems of the area. The HIV and AIDS pandemic, plays a role in the death of the parents but cannot be clearly attached to the erosion of the extended family. It was further observed that the problems encountered by CHHs in the study area are just as bad as those illuminated in existing literature; albeit the former also grapple with more sophisticated problems such as witchcraft, the impending loss of social identity and the general deficiency of formal and informal social protection mechanisms which render them more vulnerable and less resilient. CHHs in the study area redesign and reorganize the structure of the household to accommodate the new roles and responsibilities that emerge. In addition sex and age are key players in the well being of CHHs at the landing sites; the stability of families is crucial for the wellbeing of the children; and the causes and woes of these households are generally rooted in the system.
The socio-political dillema of liberating women in East Africa.

( 1983) Nsibambi, Apollo
Restructuring and the performance of public enterprises in Uganda : a case study of Uganda Posts & Telecommunications Corporation, 1996 - 2000

(Makerere University, 2001) Wanyakala, Tom Alfred

The objectives of this study were to establish the objectives for restructuring the UPTC, evaluate the restructuring process, assess the performance of UTL after restructuring, examine the persisting problems and suggest solutions for future restructuring. A case study design was used. Semi structured questionnaires were administered to 100 participants picked using random and purposive sampling of which 76 responded and interviews were carried out with key Government officials and Managers involved in restructuring the UPTC. The data was subjected to quantitative data analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and qualitative data was content analysed. It was established that the performance of UPTC prior to 1996 was inadequate in service delivery and the restructuring objectives included mainly improvement of service delivery, increased investment in new technology and creating positive macro-economic impact. There were differing levels of understanding of restructuring objectives with greater understanding among Government Officials and Managers as opposed to customers and workers which had a bearing on the diagnosis of the interventions. The restructuring process involved relevant stakeholders generally, policy and legal reforms, recognition for the need to privatise, political support, leaner and flatter organisation structures, planning and monitoring, although there were some inadequacies such as insufficient sensitisation, biased retrenchment and domineering role of the Consultants and Government officials. On the effects if restructuring UTL made a profit of 10 billion Ug. Shs within one year of restructuring as opposed to previous loses. There was also geographical spread of services like mobile phones and value added services. The problems that have persisted include low staff morale due to anticipated down-sizing, pilferage, faulty services, billing problems, customer complaints, lack of training and asset stripping. The general observations on restructuring indicated that it is good as it leads to profits, competition for efficiency, creation of innovation, checks corruption, deters Government interference and enhances efficient capital investments. It is recommended that all the relevant stakeholders who affect and are affected by restructuring should be sensitised on the need for change to enhance their participation through various fora. A correct diagnosis of interventions is necessary to consider various restructuring options for optimum benefit. The need to compete effectively should be catered for with well worked-out guidelines for retrenchment including timely payment of terminal benefits.
A comparative study of traditional and modern marital conflict mediation in Uganda

(Makerere University, 2002) Nakato, Jane Frances

This study focused on comparing traditional and modern marital conflict mediation arrangements in Uganda. The study was carried out in Kampala and Mpigi districts, covering 37 respondents who included marital conflict mediators and beneficiaries of mediation services. The study findings revealed that while the process of mediating marital conflicts in the modern arrangement has formalities in the beginning, the actual mediation is informal in both arrangements. The major factor that explains the choice of mediation was found to be the nature of the problem itself. The advantages of using the traditional mediation centred around issues of confidentiality, provision of free services, more relaxed setting and the disadvantages included likelihood of lack of professional experience of mediators and biases on the part of the mediator. Advantages of seeking modern mediation included bringing difficult spouses to law, free legal advice, easily resolving child and property related cases and lack of biases. The disadvantages included corruption, insufficient time to attend to clients, lack of privacy and confidentiality, social stigma and high costs. The study recommends that marriage counsellors and mediators should be given training in mediation so that they have a clearer picture of mediation requirements.
Challenges of integrating retired teachers in Rubabo County -Rukungiri district.

(Makerere University, 2002-05) Niwabiine, Lawrence

Retirement is one of the commonest fonns of exit from an organization. The Teaching Service in particular experiences massive exit of its employees whose post-retirement life, pose great challenge not only to retired teachers themselves but also to the government that employed them. It is against this background that this research focuses on the challenges of integrating retired teachers in Rubabo County. The study was conducted in a rural setting. An exploratory survey with qualitative and quantitative aspects was used in which a sample of 105 respondents and 10 key respondents in Rubabo County participated in the study. Semi structured questionnaires were filled. Direct personal interviews were also arranged. The research study found out that pension for retired teachers was too small to enable them integrate easily into the community and above all, meet their financial obligations. Their projects were also inadequately fu.1ded. Lack of market for even the small quantities of their produce hindered improvement of their projects. The research findings further revealed that the retired tea. 'rs in Rubabo felt neglected because of government failure to listen to their request for pension increment. To them, government failed to recognise their long dedicated service. Retired teachers. In Rubabo County were increasingly becoming vulnerable to financial challenges and social upset in their struggle for survival. Some had experienced financial embarrassment due to heavy debts incurred after retirement. Their social status had also been reduced to nothing and community attitude had always been negative towards them. However, the study revealed that involvement in community functions and roles gave retired teachers confidence that life at retirement was worth living. Such community functions and roles included; membership to advisory bodies of schools (such as Parents' Teachers' Association and Board of Governors), churches and leadership roles at local level. The conclusions of this study however, do not grossly put an accusing finger on the government, but undoubtedly places government at the centre of the problem. For example, the procedure and bureaucracy in pension processing delayed payment of their retirement package. Secondly their monthly pension is not pegged to inflationary changes in the country. These are central issues which government must solve quickly. The study recommends that a lot should be done especially by Pension officials in Public Service to restore the lost confidence pensioners have towards the government. This culture of doubt cultivated by pensioners towards government needs to be reversed. On the other hand, retired teachers should not continue looking at government solely to provide them descent post-retirement life. They should also struggle on their own to make their lives comfortable. In this way, both parties-retired teachers and government would look at each other as partners in helping retirees cope with post-retirement life. Finally, this study should build confidence among retired teachers and those approaching retirement age that postretirement life is valuable, worth living and should be planned for. This would reduce emotional pressures, attitude problems, and all other socio-economic challenges that have hitherto put retired teachers in a vulnerable situation.
Conflict and cooperation between Uganda and Sudan : the impact of trans-national ethnicity; 1962-2002

(Makerere University, 2003) Malual, Ayom Dor

During the Angolo-Egyptian condominium administration from 1900 to 1956, the British adopted the policy of indirect rule in the Sudan just as Britain did in the rest of its colonies throughout Africa during the colonial era. The policy of indirect rule dealt with communities through their chiefs and other tribal leaders. Separate development was the order of the day and in a country like the Sudan which was multi-cultural, multi-religious with diverse geographical regions, this policy of separate development was well pronounced. Northern Sudan is desert and semi-desert, Arab and Muslim; on the other hand the Southern Sudan is grassland and forest, African and Christian. The North is more developed than the South educationally, politically and economically. The condominium rule favored the North at the expense of the South by perpetuating this unjust and unequal development. Worse still, the condominium rule enacted the "Closed Districts Ordinance of 1922" whereby the South and the Nuba Mountains were excluded from contact with the North administratively, socially and politically. This policy was meant to "protect" the lifestyles of the southern people. Ironically this policy was reversed in 1947 when the Close Districts Ordinance was annalled and the southerners were forced to join the Northerners in the preparation for independence. Obviously, independence found the Southerners ill-prepared for it. This is because the southerners were not consulted during the discussions that led to self-rule in 1953-1955. So, in 1955. the southern soldiers under the “Equatoria Corp” mutinied on 18th August 1955, just only a few months before independence day on 1st October 1956. This triggered off a series of mutinies that have been punctuated with "dishonoured agreements" since then. Many Southern Sudanese refugees have also been pouring into the neighbouring countries of Uganda, Kenya, Congo, Ethiopia and the Central African Republic since the eruption of civil war in the Sudan in 1955. This influx of the Sudanese refugees into these countries has caused poor relations between the host countries and various Sudanese governments. It should be noted that many ethnic groups in Africa sprawl across artificial boundaries that were arbitrarily created by the imperialists during the partition of Africa. It is this partition of Africa that has been responsible for the creation of trans-national ethnicity conflicts. Inter and intra-ethnic conflicts are rampant between Sudan and its neighbours. For instance, tribes such as Acholi, Madi, Kuku, Lugbara, and Kakwa are in both Sudan and Uganda. The same British policy of indirect rule and separate development affected Uganda as, it did to Sudan. In Uganda, the British favored the South at the expense of the north. The south had many schools and was, thus, more advanced than the north both educationally and economically. When Uganda was granted independence in 1962, the civil service was handed over to the highly educated bureaucrats from the south while the army was controlled by less educated manpower from the north. The result was a lopsided structure of power sharing in favour of the south. Although Dr. Milton Obote, the prime minister then (and later president) was from the north, the reigns of power were in the hands of southerners. But in a dramatic draconian behaviour, Dr. Obote tried to suppress the southerners by using the political powers held by Kabaka Mutesa II in 1966. Mutesa went to exile in Britain where he died some years later. Notwithstanding this dramatic move, internal power struggle between civilian politicians and the military resulted in Dr. Milton Obote's overthrow in 1971 by a military Junta under Amin Dada who ruled the country outrageously till he was also overthrown in 1979. The conflict that ensued caused exodus of many Ugandans, this time, from the north into the Sudan. Surely, it is these trans-national ethnicity groups that have hitherto crossed and re-crossed the border between Sudan and Uganda as many times as there have been conflicts in Uganda or Sudan. As a result of trans-national ethnicity there has been conflict and co-operation between the two countries. Co-operation is most of the time at inter-communal level. This is obvious in their frequent cross border economic transactions. Conflict is mostly at interstate level, and is fueled by the reception and the hosting of political refugees. In spite of conflict, it is a belief of the researcher that transitional ethnicity is a viable tool to be exploited by Sudan and Uganda for economic development, particularly when the two countries adopt internal favourable conditions including respect of human rights and equality of citizens, something which is strongly recommended in the study.
Regional integration : problems and prospects of the East African Community

(Makerere University, 2004) Kamukama, Ruth

This study highlights the challenges facing the East African Community, established by the three East African Countries. The study was conducted against a background of regional integration of the East African countries through the creation of the East African Community. The study is premised on the belief that there are a number of challenges facing the establishment of the Community that have hindered it's taken off and only if we reconsider and find solutions to these challenges, can we pave the way for the successful integration. The general objective of the study was to analyze regional integration by examining the problems and prospects of the East African Community. The specific objectives of the study were to; critically examine the current objectives and activities of the integration effort; establish the economic and political factors that facilitate or constrain integration; analyze strategies laid by the EAC to overcome the problems that failed earlier attempts towards regional integration; and to establish the existence prospects for the successful integration of the East African Community. This study was confined to the period from 1961 when the East African Community was established to the present. The first chapter constitutes the background, and statement of the problem, objectives of the study, the scope and the justification of the study. The chapter discusses the development of international organization and the developments in the world, which show the need to organize the world in regional compartments or global lines. It is followed by chapter two, which is made up of the review of the related literature in order to get an insight in to various theories of international organization and an attempt is also made to cast the functionalist theory in light of neo-functionalism, considered the first and most enduring grand theory of European integration. This chapter attempts to give a wider view on regional integration on the globe providing a comparative assessment between the EAC and other regional groupings like the ED, OAS, ASEAN, ECOW AS, among others. Chapter three of this study constitutes the methodology used in the research outlining the research design, key respondents interviewed, sources of data collected research instruments used, and methods employed in data analysis. Important to note is that the research was qualitative in nature. It involved transcribing information, organizing the data and coding, and interpretation before the results were presented in chapter 4. The fourth chapter reveals the prospects and challenges of the East African Community. It outlines a number of problems/challenges facing the EAC as well as the prospects. It analyses the strategies laid by the EAC in overcoming these challenges and it proposes solutions to the problems identified. Data is adduced on attempts to revive East African Cooperation and, in addition to examining the opportunities or prospects that exist like the current international regime and the political good will, it identifies critical concerns for successful integration including confidence building and strengthening the East African identity, ensuring participation and ownership of the process and private sector development among others. Finally the study gives a conclusion to the study and a number of recommendations to the EAC to ensure successful integration, which include: compensating losers, identifying priorities among priorities, developing infrastructure, and investing in research and development, among others.
The challenges of implementing the 1997 Kyoto Protocol in Uganda : the case of the clean development mechanism 1997 - 2002

(Makerere University, 2005) Banura, Tadeo

This study set out to explore and examine the challenges of implementing Clean Development Mechanism of the 1997 Kyoto protocol in Uganda. A number of objectives formed the basis of the study. These were; to critically assess the objectives of Clean Development Mechanism, to assess the programmes or polices adopted by government and others stakeholders to implement Clean Development Mechanism, to examine the structure(s) put in place by government to implement Clean Development Mechanism, and to identify the challenges facing government and other stakeholders in trying to implement Clean Development Mechanism. To carry out an effective exploration, this study relied on primary data collected with the aid of interview guides. Secondary data was also used composed of documentary review of related literature. Data collected was presented in frequency counts and tables. Quotations and photographs were also used to support the findings. The findings reveal that sustainable development is a key element in Clean Development Mechanism. What constituted sustainable development was left to individual countries implementing CDM to define based on their priority needs and natural resource endowments. However for developing countries like Uganda it should emphasize poverty reduction, economic growth and environmental protection. It is also established that the sectors that were mentioned in the Protocol such as energy, industry, forestry and waste management as crucial in the emissions of GHGs Uganda Government through its various institutions and departments plus other stakeholders in environmental conservation techniques had tried to initiate policies or programmes as per COM. However they had not gone far enough because of a number of challenges especially lack of funds. Thus, the study recommends that the government should mobilize financial resources from within and without to help its institutions and departments in their quest to implement COM. The study noted that there were no formal structures put in place in Uganda to implement Clean Development Mechanism as the protocol urged. Hence, as a matter of urgency the government should put in place structure(s), responsible for approval, coordination, implementation and monitoring of all programmes under COM. The study also revealed the challenges hindering the effective implementation of COM in Uganda. They ranged from lack of financial resources, lack of awareness, lack of community participation and lack of coordination. Thus, the government and other stakeholders should endeavor to mobiles more financial resources, promote more awareness campaigns about the dangers of climate change in general and mitigating mechanisms like the COM to all stakeholders. It should also encourage more community participation in environmental conservation techniques and also it should coordinate among and between its various departments and institutions and all other stakeholders as far as programmers or policies under COM are concerned.
The contribution of communication in measles immunization in rural Uganda: A case study of Bugabula County, Kamuli District

(Makerere University, 2006-02) Mugeere, Anthony

Informed by the Diffusion of Innovation Theory as advanced by Everett Rogers (1995), this study sought to explore the appropriate communication campaigns in measles immunisation and their contribution to the successful implementation of the exercise in rural Uganda. This was done by seeking explanation to the socio-cultural factors that influence interpersonal and group communication for measles immunisation in rural areas and how the community responds to them. Survey data was collected from 178 parents/guardians of children under five years of age. A total of 108 of these were female though the original design was to get an equal number of male and female parents/guardians. There were also 15 key informant interviews and FGDs to provide detailed information on various aspects of the study. The study found that there is a very high level of awareness of immunisation against measles in the area of study. It noted that media-oriented communication campaigns especially the radio had to some extent, played an important role in delivering messages for immunisation against measles in rural communities. But even if the mass media campaigns reach many people and are quite cheap--compared to other campaigns—this study demonstrated that rural areas have little or even no access to the mass media. The majority of the population is semi-literate, has no access to television and newspapers. Some of those with access to radio prefer entertainment programmes (especially music) to healthcare programmes like those focusing on immunisation against measles. It also showed that there are a number of socio-cultural factors that affect the way healthcare messages are shared at the interpersonal and group levels in the rural communities. Among the key recommendations of the study was the integration of community and opinion leaders into the existing communication campaigns to enhance the success of immunization programmes in the rural areas. Others include the need to provide timely and accurate information to women—mainly because they are the ones who normally stay at home most of the time and face competing demands at household level. Communication campaigns should also seek to correct the myths and misconceptions based on traditional beliefs, values and practices that prohibit some parents and/or guardians from taking their children for immunization. Although the findings of this study cannot be said to be true for all parts of the country, they are a major indicator of the situation in most rural areas. There is a lot that can be done as a follow-up to this study. Most notably, a comparative study of the media-oriented campaigns and socially constructed communication campaigns on influencing health care seeking behaviour in rural areas needs to be undertaken.
The right to health for children receiving antiretroviral drugs in Uganda

(Makerere University, 2006-08) Barungi, Grace

This study is about the Challenges of Implementing the Right to health for the children receiving ARVs conducted at of the Joint Clinical Research Center. HIV/AIDS is a worldwide health problem affecting the young and the old with no cure or vaccine. At present there are antiretroviral drugs, which are so far the most effective form of treatment available for adults and children. Children are a vulnerable group; incapable of making their own decisions about social and health issues affecting them. Many programs for HIV prevention have left the children behind. The ARVs are taken on a long-term basis and are hoped to improve the quality of life and promote the right to health. When it comes to the provision of these drugs, there are difficulties involved in handling children compared to adults, yet the human rights documents that deal with the children specify the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The purpose of the study was to explore the challenges involved in implementing the right to health of such a vulnerable group with the hope of bringing out recommendations that would be adopted to improve the conditions. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Questionnaires for children, caretakers, and service providers were adopted. These Questionnaires were administered to children between 7and 17years, their primary caretakers and the main service providers. The quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS and also qualitatively through coding relating and identifying patterns. The study found out that provision of ARVs promotes the right to health of the children. However, this is not true in all cases. There are many issues to be addressed if the provision of ARVs is to promote the right to health of these children. The challenges lead to poor adherence to drugs. These include; lack of sufficient food, the burden of taking drugs daily with common side effects, lack of information about drugs, frequent visits to clinics by children and caretakers, missing school and work, missing games and friends. The caretakers also face challenges of having to buy ARVs for children (the TREAT program provides free ARVs only to orphans and the very needy). bringing children to the clinic, missing work, staying long waiting at the center and spending money on transport, buying food and other drugs, as well as paying school fees. Most of the caretakers are of low income and yet have a number of dependents. The service providers have a number of challenges which include; the inconsistent caretakers who do not bring the children to the clinic as required, and lack of disclosure of children's sero status which lead to poor adherence to drugs, lack of training mainly in specific child and caretaker counseling and Children's rights as well as the inadequate follow up system. If the right to health of these vulnerable children is to be realized, there should be a system to provide not only drugs but also other services, like food, other economic and social services to children and their caretakers. This will improve adherence to drugs as well as clinic visits. There is a need for massive sensitization .to the public about ARVs, the needs and the rights of children. Also important is the need to equip service providers as well as teachers with the necessary skills to handle such vulnerable children. There should also be consideration to redesign the JCRC to suit the needs of the children and improve follow up of these vulnerable children. Enacting more HIV/AIDS laws and better enforcement of the existing laws and policies is very crucial in the protection and promotion of the children's health rights.
Contract appointments and performance in the public service of Uganda

(Makerere University, 2007) Okuku, Augustine Maloba

In 1998 and 2000 all Permanent Secretaries and officers of the IGG respectively were appointed on contract terms. Since then, many reports Administrative Reform Secretariat reports have reported improvements in the general performance of the public service. However, what was not known was whether the reported improved performance of these public servants has been as a result of their contract appointments. The research therefore aimed at studying contract appointments for public servants, examining the challenges and suggesting strategies for improved performance. The study was based on a total sample of 71 respondents - 51 systematically selected while the 12 key informants and the 8 members of the focus group discussions purposively selected who generated both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained using semi-structured self-administered questionnaires and interview guides while secondary data was obtained through documentary review of the Ministry of Public Service and performance related literature obtained from Makerere University and Uganda Management libraries and on the internet. Analysis of the data, which was largely qualitative, revealed that contract appointments do not lead to performance improvement to the contrary they are demotivators which should be abolished. Remuneration is the most important motivating factor for improved performance in addition to job security. Having contract appointments alongside permanent and pensionable terms for PS' coupled with patchwork methods of Public service reforms implementation was bad public policy management. Other motivational factors which lead to improved performance includes job security, improved funding, clear schedules of duty, staff training and provision of appropriate tools and equipment, good leadership, guidance and supervision. The lack of these motivational factors was named as challenges to improved performance. The implication of the findings is that unless motivation/pay reform issues are addressed, the issue of improved performance shall remain like chasing the proverbial goose. The study therefore recommends speedy implementation of the Pay Reform and Results Oriented Management components of the Public Service Reform Programme and abolition of contract appointments.
Forms of domestic violence against men in Mukono town council, Mukono district

(Makerere University, 2007) Nassonko, Esther

Domestic violence takes a big proportion of the family challenges, However, most of the violence in the home that have been researched has mostly been focusing on women and children, but it has been found out that men also face violence in their homes, and these forms include physical, sexual, and psychological domestic violence. The study has focused on domestic violence against men. This study domestic violence against men’ as opposed to a better-studied area 'domestic violence against women’. The study was driven by evidence was designed to principally explore the forms, causes and effects of ‘from empirical studies conducted elsewhere in the world that point to the fact that men are equally as likely as women to suffer from domestic violence. There has not been a study of this kind in Uganda - thus this study is an original scientific investigation on the problem and was conducted with particular regard to Mukono District, which is among the areas that top the media and police reports relating to violence. The study methodology entailed the collection of data from 14 respondents for whom a structured questionnaire was used interviews from three (3) Wards of Mukono Town Council namely; Ntawo, Namumira and Gulu. The study has been both qualitative and quantitative. The key findings of the study revealed that domestic violence against men manifests in various forms, namely physical violence, sexual, psychological and verbal abuse of whom 43% have experienced sexual or physical violence which is much more likely to occur in ‘bed rooms’, living room and even in ‘public places’. The most casual factors for the growing cases of domestic violence against men include but not limited to: • Deterioration of morals, changing values among women. • Women emancipation and copying of western cultures. • Changing role of women, extra marital affairs. • Failure of men to provide for their own families. • Casual relationships. • Influence of alcohol and drugs. The study found out that mitigation measure against domestic violence should start by a well-defined understanding of what the problem is, and how it impacts on couples in a marital relationship. The government should strengthen the institutions responsible for settlement of family disputes such as Local council (LCs) and Police, as well as reviving the traditional norms and values that people may preserve during marriages. The study found the need for increased sensitisation and awareness among communities on the problem.
Forms of domestic violence against men in Mukono Town Council, Mukono District

(Makerere University, 2007) Nassonko, Esther

Domestic violence takes a big proportion of the family challenges. However, most of the violence in the home that have been researched has mostly been focusing on women and children, but it has been found out that men also face violence in their homes, and these forms include physical, sexual, and psychological domestic violence. The study has focused on domestic violence against men. This study was designed to principally explore the forms, causes and effects of ‘domestic violence against men’ as opposed to a better-studied area ‘domestic violence against women’. The study was driven by evidence from empirical studies conducted elsewhere in the world that point to the fact that men are equally as likely as women to suffer from domestic violence. There has not been a study of this kind in Uganda – thus this study is an original scientific investigation on the problem and was conducted with particular regard to Mukono District, which is among the areas that top the media and police reports relating to violence. The study methodology entailed the collection of data from 114 respondents for whom a structured questionnaire was used interviews from three (3) Wards of Mukono Town Council namely; Ntawo, Namumira and Gulu. The study has been both qualitative and quantitative. The key findings of the study revealed that domestic violence against men manifests in various forms, namely physical violence, sexual, psychological and verbal abuse of whom 43% have experienced sexual or physical violence which is much more likely to occur in ‘bed rooms’, living room and even in ‘public places’. The most casual factors for the growing cases of domestic violence against men include but not limited to:  Deterioration of morals, changing values among women.  Women emancipation and copying of Western cultures.  Changing role of women, extra marital affairs.  Failure of men to provide for their own families.  Casual relationships.  Influence of alcohol and drugs. The study found out that mitigation measure against domestic violence should start by a well-defined understanding of what the problem is, and how it impacts on couples in a marital relationship. The government should strengthen the institutions responsible for settlement of family disputes such as Local council (LCs) and Police, as well as reviving the traditional norms and values that people may preserve during marriages. The study found the need for increased sensitisation and awareness among communities on the problem.
The challenges faced by the community in the implementation of UPE in selected schools in Serere County

(Makerere University, 2007) Alaso, Alice

The study focused on Community participation m the implementation of Universal Primary Education. It analyzed the challenges faced by the Community in the implementation of UPE in selected schools in Serere County in Soroti District. Qualitative methods of data collection were used. In particular, in-depth interviews were conducted on a purposively selected sample. To establish the level of awareness of its roles and responsibilities in the implementation of UPE, the study investigated and found out that the community is well aware of the roles and responsibilities they have to perform in the implementation of UPE. The study also investigated and found out that community participation was enhanced by factors such as a friendly school administration, the existence of bye laws, committed and motivated mobilization structures like LC's, SMC and PTA Executives. Sensitisation and training further enhanced community participation. Adequate policy dissemination and deliberate involvement of the community provided a great opportunity for the implementation of UPE. In regard to monitoring of the use of UPE funds, the study found out that the level of community involvement is small and weak. Parents, local council, PT A and SMC involvement was limited. Apparently the only members involved in monitoring were the chairpersons of SMC and PTA. Illiteracy, lack of transparency and sometimes-deliberate exclusion were found to be part of the reasons why community involvement was limited. Where a large part of the community was involved, this was attributed largely to a good working relationship with the Head Teacher. The aspect of financial monitoring needs improvement from District to school level. In examining the contribution of the community towards school construction, the study established that communities make a lot of input by way of local materials, labour, construction of temporary structures. The community also monitors construction to a small extent. Finally, the study explored the challenges and constraints faced by the community in the implementation of UPE. It was found that poverty, illiteracy and lack of facilitation for the community structures, and poor health were the major constraints. These constraints were found to be cross cutting in all areas of UPE implementation. The study recommends UPE policy review to address management issues, stakeholder involvement and improvement m the quality of Education. Functional Adult literacy, economic empowerment, improved Health service delivery are among other issues recommended for the improvement of community participation in the implementation of UPE.
Ethical implications of affirmative action for state sponsored female students joining public universities in Uganda : the case for Makerere University

(Makerere University, 2007) Omoria, Ivan

This study was undertaken to highlight the need for integrating the Aristotelian theory of justice into social policy formulation in the university sector of Uganda. The study aims at enabling policies formulated treat equally endowed beneficiaries equally and the unequally endowed unequally. The study objectives are; exploring positive and negative ethical implications of affirmative active action for state sponsored female students joining Makerere University, and recommending policy alternatives to this policy. The study is a case study, and actual fieldwork is done at Makerere University. Purposively, 128 respondents are used in the study. A pre-guided questionnaire is self administered to 100 undergraduate students (50 male and 50 female). An interview guide is administered to 11 undergraduate students of Makerere University, 5 people in women organizations, 6 beneficiaries of this policy, and to 6 students in senior six-vacation. Study findings reveal that affirmative action for state sponsored female students joining Makerere University benefits "traditional" schools in the central region, despite remedies like the quota system. The study concludes that the policy treats unequally endowed beneficiaries equally. The study recommends a decentralized grading system
Vulnerability and sexual decision - making in the context of HIV/AIDS among vulnerable groups in Uganda : A case study of disabled women in Busitema Sub-County, Busia District

(Makerere University, 2007) Nambudye, Sarah

This study was about vulnerability and sexual decision making in the context of HIV/AIDS among women with disabilities in Busitema Sub County. The individuals who live with disabilities are among the poorest, least educated and most marginalized of all the world's peoples. Such humiliating factors render them to be a vulnerable group. Women with disabilities are more vulnerable especially when it comes to the sexual decision-making. They seem to be marginalized with limited participation in sexual decisions making, and incidences of rape and other forms of sexual assault are common insults that puts them at high risk of HIV/AIDS infection. It is in view of the above problems that a sample of 80 women with disabilities was interviewed to find out the factors that affect sexual decision making among women with disabilities. This sample was purposively selected. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Semi structured questionnaires and interview guides were the main instruments used in gathering information. The findings of the study showed that the social-demographic characteristics (poverty, family background, low education levels), gender and disability, play a big role leading to the general exploitation and sexual harassment of women with disabilities hence vulnerability. The study also found out that these factors further determined the HIV/AIDS knowledge of WWDs, participation in sexual decision-making and their entire sexual lives (child bearing and spacing, reproductive health, access to HIV information, e.t.c.) in their households. Findings revealed that the respondents under study had considerable knowledge on the common HIV/AIDS preventive measures (abstinence, faithfulness and condom use. The study also established that respondents used either one or two of the preventive strategies, About Sexual decision-making, the study established that WWDs partially participated in making sexual decisions with their spouses. Some of the issues they shared decisions on include child spacing/family planning, condom use, faithfulness as well as abstinence. Condoms use was as a result of decisions made either by both wife and partner/boyfriend or partners alone and not the wives alone as decision makers. Faithfulness was commonly used by both women with disabilities and their partners. Married women with disabilities also often used faithfulness as one HIV preventive measure as well as preventing pregnancies. Abstinence was found to be commonly used by the single, widowed and separated WWDs. The major reason for using this abstinence was that it offers 100% security from HIV infection. STDs and unwanted pregnancies. It’s therefore recommended that the social economic status of women with disabilities needs to enhanced to avert their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS. The mechanisms to address their needs vary greatly, these include: sensitization campaigns about HIV/AIDS targeting WWDs, social and monetary support through enhancement of their income generating activities, dissemination of information to the communities and other stakeholders to bring forward the challenge of vulnerability to HIV/AIDS by WWDs, and further advocating for the prevention of the disease by encouraging safer sex practices such as condom use, monogamy. faithfulness and reservation of sex until marriage. It is equally recommended that emphasis be put on subtle aspects of sexuality that affect sexual behavior for instance sexual negotiation and decision-making among WWDs while developing mechanisms for dealing with HIV/AIDS and sexual decision-making among WWDs.
The role of Universal Primary Education in the alleviation of domestic child labour in Uganda: The case of Nakawa division, Kampala district.

(Makerere University, 2007-02) Tumwebaze, Anne

This study was aimed at exploring and understanding of the role of UPE in the alleviation of domestic child labor (DCL) in Nakawa Division, Kampala District. The study teases out why UPE has not effectively performed to its expected outcome of reducing DCL. The study was guided by three objectives namely: • To examine the characteristics of children involved in domestic child labor; • To examine the parents perceptions about UPE in alleviation of DCL; and • To explore why some children have persisted in DCL in Nakawa Division despite the UPE programme. Using a qualitative approach, in-depth interviews, key informants interview, focus group discussion and observation were used to collect information from respondents. These were 48 Parents, 32 working children 16 employers and 12 key informants. Majority of working children were found to be females. Most of them between 14-17 years, majority being first and second born. These children have attained few years of primary education majority (24) went above P4. Working children are involved in various activities including cooking, child caring, shamba boy, fetching water, washing clothes and dropping & picking kids to and from school. Parents have mixed perceptions about the role of UPE in reducing domestic child labor. Parents perceive UPE to be good in reducing financial burden of school fees, reduced demand of income from their children, they perceive UPE to be not completely free because of additional costs like scholastic materials and uniform which is supposed to be provided by parents. Similarly inability to gain returns from education raised concern among some parents. Also quality of education in UPE schools is very poor and a lot needs to be desired. This has affected the performance of the pupils. It was found that the persistence of DCL is basically caused by poverty, orphanhood, ignorance of children’s rights, political instability, family background and peer pressure; Also push factors arising from the school system like sexual harassment, limited sanitary facilities, beatings and the general environment of the school has affected the standards of pupils’ performance thus making the children susceptible to domestic child labour It was therefore recommended that, UPE should be free whereby the hidden costs are paid by the government and be made compulsory by law to ensure that all children are taken to school. Sensitization of parents, employers and communities about the dangers of child labour in general and DCL in particular is also recommended. Likewise laws and regulations that protect the children against domestic child labour should be enforced to discourage the employment of children.
Social construction of sexual risk for HIV and behavioural change among youth in Masaka and Kampala Districts

(Makerere University, 2007-02) Mbaaga, Frank Kakinda

HIV/AIDS, a disease without cure or vaccine, is a devastating pandemic. About 40 million people are infected worldwide, 4.1 million are infected annually, and about 800,000 died from AIDS related illnesses each year. In developing countries, the disease is transmitted mainly heterosexually. Infection can be reduced through abstinence, faithfulness and use of condoms. People must be knowledgeable about the disease and perceive that they are at risk of infection. This study investigated social construction of sexual risk for HIV and behavioural change among youth in Masaka and Kampala districts. Two hundred and forty male and female youths were randomly selected in Masaka and Kampala districts and structured interviews were administered to them. Forty-two key informants interviews and 32 focus group discussions were conducted in both districts. Data from structured and key informant interviews were analysed using SPSS and NUDIST programmes respectively. Focus group discussion transcribed, entered in the computer and information of the same theme and code was assembled together. Socio-economic background, knowledge HIV/AIDS and attitude towards HIV testing determined to a limit extend perceived risk in general, perceived risk from condom use, abstinence, and faithfulness. The majority of the youth perceived low risk from first sex and from multiple partners. All sexual spaces and alcohol/drug abuse were perceived to increase the risk of infection. Some social activities, peer groups gender relations were perceived to reduce the risk whereas others increased it. Older men and women have sex with young partners because the latter satisfy them sexually, they are blinded by money and gifts they offer them; and if older men and women are infected they want to infect the youth. Some characteristics of an ideal man and of woman were perceived to reduce the risk of infection whereas others increased it. The majority of youth abstained from sex though the duration was short. Three-quarters were faithful to their partners. Belief in the effectiveness of condoms varied from 30% to 100%. Practice of abstinence, faithfulness and condom use was facilitated and hindered by certain factors. AIDS Risk Reduction Theory is relatively adequate in explaining the construction of sexual risk because it emphasise HIV/AIDS knowledge, perceived susceptibility to the disease and response efficacy and self-efficacy of abstinence, faithfulness and condom use. Activity System Theory is inadequate because it emphasises only intention, implementation, and factors which facilitate and hinder implementation. Diffusion of Innovation Theory is relatively adequate because it emphasises all the five stages of communication, knowledge, persuasion, adaptation and implementation. Its weakness is that sexual behaviour is mainly a private behaviour and cannot be easily and readily observed and emulated. This research studied perceived risk of youth in sexual activities or activities which lead to sex ssbehaviour which youth adopt to reduce the risk. The findings have ample implications and applications for policy-makers, practitioners, researchers and scholars engaged in theoretical endeavours.
Performance appraisal and motivation in Uganda Police Force: A comparative study of Busia and Kanoni districts.

(Makerere University, 2007-02) Tusiime, Anne

This study was carried out to establish the impact of performance appraisal and motivation on employee performance in the Ugandan police force. The study was conducted from Busia and Kanoni-Mpigi police stations for comparative purposes. The study involved seventy respondents: fifty from the lower ranks, ten police officers and ten local council I leaders. These were selected using simple random sampling, and purposive sampling respectively. Data was collected mainly through the use of self- administered questionnaires and open-ended interviews. Documentary review of performance appraisal and motivation was also done. The study findings revealed that performance appraisal consist of a wide range of planned activities aimed at determining how well employees do their jobs compared to the professional standards, but is constrained by lack of sufficient funds and manpower in the police force. There are no proper standards for performance appraisal and this lowers the personnel’s morale to execute their duties. It was concluded that: (i) Performance appraisal is poorly done in the Ugandan Police force. The exercise is done once a year for the purposes of effecting promotions. (ii)There are no proper standards set for performance appraisal in the Ugandan Police force. (iii)The Ugandan Police force is poorly motivated to effect their work roles. (iv)There is a significant relationship between the levels of motivation and employee performance (vii) In instances where motivation levels are high, employees become satisfied and get devoted to their work. This improves their performance. Because the study findings could not have been generalized due to the geographical confinement and changes over time, recommendations and areas for further research were suggested as can be seen in chapter five. Overall, the recommendations and areas for further research point out the need for the need to all possible such that the police force can be motivated to effect their work roles.
Determinants of rural community participation in sanitation and hygiene promotion: A study of Apac district, Uganda

(Makerere University, 2007-06) Kica, Richard Ocaya

This study analysed the determinants of rural community participation in promotion of sanitation and hygiene in Minakulu and Aber sub-counties in rural Apac district. Community participation in sanitation and hygiene promotion was considered in the context of establishing and maintaining sanitary facilities such as latrine, bathing shelter, rubbish pits, drying rack and hand washing facility; and practicing positive hygiene through hand washing after using latrine/before cooking/eating food, using clean utensils, ensuring clean body and clothing, ensuring clean houses and surrounding. The overall objective of this study was to find out factors that determine participation of rural community in sanitation and hygiene promotion. The specific objectives of the study were to find out the level of community awareness and knowledge of sanitation and hygiene, analyse approaches used to enhance community participation, examine factors that motivates households to establish sanitary facilities and practice positive hygiene, and assess the role of stakeholders in promoting sanitation and hygiene. Using a cross-sectional design, the study adopted both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Households were the unit of analysis; other participants were local government staff, religious leaders, local leaders, NGOs and CBOs involved in sanitation and hygiene related programmes. The households were sampled through cluster sampling method while purposive sampling was used in selecting key informants. Data were collected through structured interview, structured observation, FGDs and in-dept interviews. The study found out that socio-demographic profiles affect participation mainly in hygiene promotion. Study findings revealed that household aggregate monthly income ranging between UGX 20,000 to 30,000 and above participate more than those in the lower income range. it was also found out that awareness/knowledge level promotes participation mainly in sanitation than in hygiene practices. Also promotion of sanitation and hygiene is mainly being done through information dissemination and enforcement of by-laws. The study further revealed that resource availability and awareness on particular facility/benefits of positive practices motivates households to participate; community participation in both sanitation and hygiene is relatively higher in Minakulu sub-county where there are more stakeholders involved than in Aber sub-county. In conclusion, community participation in sanitation and hygiene depends on socio-demographic profiles and economic capacity, the level of awareness and knowledge, approaches used to promote participation, household motivation to participate, and the extent to which the stakeholders involved play their roles. However, of these determinants, level of awareness and knowledge over rides followed by approaches used and level of involvement of the stakeholders in promotional activities. These factors are although not mutually exclusive. The study recommends that sensitisation of the community should put equal emphasis on both sanitation and hygiene and emphasise the consequence of non-participation by other community members on the health of participation members; appropriate approach to information dissemination be adopted, taking into consideration the dynamics of the households; other approaches, in addition to information dissemination be extended to all villages and also equally emphasise hygiene promotion; community should form health clubs where members meet and discuss sanitation, hygiene and other health issues; and stakeholders should collaborate to improve coordination of their efforts.

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