College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and BioSecurity (CoVAB)
http://hdl.handle.net/10570/86
2024-03-28T13:40:39ZAfrican animal and human trypanosomiasis in South Eastern Uganda: animal reservoirs, vector competence and characterisation of trypanosoma brucei isolates
http://hdl.handle.net/10570/1613
African animal and human trypanosomiasis in South Eastern Uganda: animal reservoirs, vector competence and characterisation of trypanosoma brucei isolates
Waiswa, Charles
This study was designed to investigate the factors responsible for the persistence of sleeping sickness in southeastern Uganda. In addition to the general aspects, this investigation was specifically designed to study the role of the domestic animal and vector competence as factors in the transmission and persistence of sleeping sickness in the affected foci of southeastern Uganda. The study area was zoned according to the agricultural system and three zones (designated zone I, II and III representing Kamuli, Mukono and Tororo districts respectively) were studied as these were found to be predominant in many of the sleeping sickness foci of Kamuli, Mukono and Tororo. Investigations carried out have indicated a trypanosomosis prevalence of 13.25% among cattle, 17.53% among pigs, 1.75% among small ruminants and 0% in dogs. These figures are high especially in cattle and pigs, moreover, the Trypanozoon prevalence was estimated at 4.99% among cattle, 13.89% among pigs and 0.44% in the small ruminants. Using the human serum resistance tests and PCR, this study has continued to emphasise the importance of cattle as a reservoir for T.b. rhodesiense and in addition, these techniques have proved that the pig (both BIIT and PCR) and sheep (BIIT) are very important reservoirs of T.b.rhodesiense. The sole vector for sleeping sickness in zone and II was found to be G.fuscipes fuscipes. However, in zone III, both G.f.fuscipes and G.pallidipes were trapped, with G.f.fuscipes (99.72% of the total tsetse trapped) being the predominant vector. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone I was 8.73%, with T.brcucei infections estimated at 3.87%. Of all the trypanosomes isolated from cattle, 44.33% were grouped as belonging to the T.brucei subgroup. On further characterisation with the human serum resistance test, none of these T.brucei subgroup isolates from cattle in this zone was potentially human infective. However, using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), one of the T.brucei isolates was found to be carrying the human serum resistance associated (SRA) gene, an indication that it was potentially human infective (T.b.rhodesiense) thus helping to define the role played by cattle in the transmission of sleeping sickness in this zone. Meanwhile, in this zone (zone I), the point prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs was 16.33% and T.brucei subgroup infection among the infected pigs was 82.48%. When the T.brucei subgroup isolates were analysed, 30.19% were found to be potentially human infective by the human serum resistance test and 75% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates analysed by PCR were found to be carrying the SRA gene. The presence of potentially human infective T.brucei subgroup in pigs makes this animal species the predominant reservoir and the major risk factor in the transmission and persistence of sleeping sickness in zone I. In addition, 30.6% of the tsetse in zone I get their blood-meal from pigs, which implies that the “pig-tsetse-human cycle” is the predominant sleeping sickness transmission cycle in zone I. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone II was 13.08% with T.brucei subgroup infections estimated at 6.01%. Of the isolates characterized, 45.89% were grouped as T.brucei subgroup infections, of which 10.53% were potentially human infective according to the BIIT results and therefore grouped as T.b. rhodesiense. In addition 5% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates were found to be having the SRA gene. The cattle-tsetse-human sleeping sickness cycle is one of the two sleeping sickness transmission cycles in this zone. Similarly, the point prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs in zone II was found to be 22.92%. The T.brucei subgroup infections among the trypanosomes isolated from the pigs was 85.51%. Of these T. brucei subgroup isolates, 26.09% were found to be potentially human infective as characterised by the BIIT. Using the SRA-PCR, 31.58% of the T. brucei subgroup analysed were found to be carrying the SRA gene. In addition to the cattle-tsetse-man cycle, the pig-tsetse-human sleeping sickness transmission cycle is the other major cycle in this zone which is supported by the 14.53% of the tsetse that get their bloodmeals from pigs in the zone. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in zone III was 17.91% with T.brucei subgroup infections estimated at 7.34%. Of all the trypanosome infections among cattle in this area, 41% were grouped as T.brucei subgroup infections. Using the human BIIT, 47.30% of these T.brucei subgroup isolates were found to be potentially human infective and therefore grouped as T.b.rhodesiense. Similarly, 23.81% of the T.brucei subgroup isolates from cattle were confirmed to be carrying the SRA gene. Basing on these results, the cattle-tsetsehuman is the major sleeping sickness transmission cycle in zone III. Meanwhile, the prevalence of trypanosomosis in pigs in this zone was 2.44% and there were no T.brucei subgroup infections detected, implying that pigs may be playing a minimal role in the transmission of sleeping sickness in this zone. For the small ruminants kept in zone III trypanosomosis prevalence was 13.79%. All the trypanosome infections were found in the sheep. Interestingly, a potentially human infective T.brucei trypanosome was isolated from the sheep in this zone, suggesting that the sheep-tsetse-human sleeping sickness transmission cycle is contributing to the persistence of sleeping sickness in this area. The trypanosome infection rates in tsetse were 1.75% in zone I, 1.00% in zone II and 1.82% in zone III. The species trapped in zone I and II was G.f.fuscipes, which was also predominant in zone III with few catches of G.pallidipes. The infections were detected in female tsetse that were more than three weeks old. There were no infections among the male tsetse in all the zones which has been attributed to the low average age of the males (11days or less), implying that the males don’t live long enough to allow the infection to mature. The tsetse feeding preference studies have supported the major sleeping sickness transmission cycles for the three zones as suggested above. A total of 394 tsetse blood-meals were analysed to identify the host that was the source of the blood meal. Hosts for 75.64% of the bloodmeals were identified and at 26.4%, cattle were on average the most preferred host for G.f.fuscipes in southeastern Uganda (all the three study zones combined). Of the bloodmeals analysed, 55.1% were identified as having come from domestic animals and humans. This study has recorded large percentages of domestic animals as the major hosts for tsetse in all the three zones. There were however differences in the contribution of individual hosts in the three zones, with pigs being the major host in zone I, the monitor lizard and cattle for zones II and III. The results also indicate that under natural circumstances, G.f.fuscipes will feed on the available hosts in a given ecological environment. The preferred hosts were mainly cattle, pig, monitor lizard, sheep, goat, human, dog and chicken. This study has indicated that the domestic animal-tsetse-human cycle is the major sleeping sickness transmission cycle in all the three zones, the differences being the animals acting as the disease reservoirs in the three sleeping sickness foci (Agroecological zones) of southeastern Uganda.
A PhD Thesis accessible from the Library
2008-12-09T00:00:00ZAnalysis of poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical systems and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases, Masaka District.
http://hdl.handle.net/10570/2549
Analysis of poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical systems and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases, Masaka District.
Nampanzira, Dorothy
This study was done to analyse the poultry traditional indigenous knowledge mystical
systems (TRIKOMS) and their role in control and prevention of poultry diseases in Masaka district, Uganda. This study aimed at, determining the meaning of myths and
belief practices among different social classes identify and document the elements of
myths and beliefs related to prevention and control of poultry diseases and to determine
the factors that lead to the survival of the myths and belief practices in the community.
Qualitative methods of data collection and analysis were used.
Results of the study showed that the meaning underlying the myths and beliefs are, to
strengthen socio relationships, ensure food security, promote human health and for
spiritual or religious functions. In addition, majority (63%) of the myths and beliefs
practices decoded encouraged poultry disease spread while 13.5% encouraged disease control. Furthermore, it was found out that there were no clear-cut channels of transfer of knowledge from one generation to the other and there are several factors that have led to the degradation of the myths and belief practices in the communities. The study concludes that despite the importance of TRIKOMS to communities there is a need to sensitize the communities on the potential role of these systems in the spread of poultry diseases. Human phenomenon is important in influencing the outcome of poultry disease control. Thus veterinary research scientists should desist from focusing on only poultry, pathogens and vectors in their research endeavors in poultry diseases control. More efforts ought to be directed towards understanding the human phenomenon.
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Masters of Science Degree in Livestock Development, Planning and Management (MLD) of Makerere University
2010-09-01T00:00:00ZAnimal health intervations for human health benefits
http://hdl.handle.net/10570/1683
Animal health intervations for human health benefits
Fyfe, Jenna; Waiswa, Charles; Picozzi, Kim; Odiit, Martin; Coleman, Paul; Welburn, Sue
2008-12-22T00:00:00ZAntibacterial activity and acute toxicity of herbs used in treatment of water borne diarrheal diseases in Butaleja District
http://hdl.handle.net/10570/8816
Antibacterial activity and acute toxicity of herbs used in treatment of water borne diarrheal diseases in Butaleja District
Ongodia, Raphael
Uganda is still negatively impacted by a huge burden of water borne diseases, the heaviest being diarrhoeal diseases. This may result in high morbidity and mortality rates if left unattended to. The study documented herbs used in Butaleja district to treat water borne diarrhoeal diseases and evaluated their antibacterial efficacy and safety. This was achieved by: conducting an ethnobotanical survey employing observation, focus group discussions, informal, field & in-depth interviews; Evaluating in vitro antibacterial activity for crude ethanol, petroleum ether and aqueous extracts of six preferred medicinal plants against selected bacteria species: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium perfringens (gram positives) and Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli (gram negatives) using agar well diffusion, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values determined using a microplate serial dilution technique and consequently minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values; Evaluating oral acute toxicity of three preferred plant extracts in BALB/c mice of 5-7 weeks using old Lorke’s method. Ethnobotanical data was summarized using descriptive statistics, antibacterial assay data analysed using one-way analysis of variance and then tukey tests, acute toxicity data was subjected to probit analysis to determine median lethal doses. Fifty-six plant species from 31 families were reported, most dominant family was Fabaceae with eight plant species, 40% were sourced from wild and home gardens, tree life forms (33%) were most dominant, most dominant plant parts were leaves (37%), most dominant mode of preparation was decoction (40.9%) and most frequently cited plants were Microglossa pyrifolia & Tamarindus indica with a 5% frequency of citation. The preferred plant species basing on informant consensus were Erythrina abyssinica, Zanthoxylum leprieurii, Hydnora abyssinica, Cryptolepis Sanguinolenta, Diospyros natalensis, Securidaca longipedunculata. Five out of six preferred plant species exhibited antibacterial activity in at least some extracts with variable potency with MIC values ranging from 0.039 mg/mL to 2.5 mg/mL whereas MBC values ranged from 0.313 mg/mL to 5.0 mg/mL of crude extract. All three most effective plant extracts showed LD50 values above 5000 mg/kg of body weight, therefore, exhibited safety margins so people may use them without any doubts though more studies are required to isolate active compounds. The best solvent people should use is alcohol because they extract out active ingredients best which can be used to provide leads for drug discovery and among the selected plant species, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta was most effective.
A research project report submitted to the Directorate of Research and Graduate Training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Master of Science Degree in Biomedical Laboratory Sciences and Management of Makerere University.
2021-04-01T00:00:00Z